Importancia de reducción de uso del auto

ITDP
Marzo 2012

El Instituto de Políticas para el Transporte y el Desarrollo México ha realizado un diagnóstico de las tendencias de utilización del automóvil, sus causas y efectos en México y en sus áreas metropolitanas.


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Transformando la movilidad urbana en México

ITDP
Marzo 2012

Las políticas de transporte pueden tener un impacto significativo en el desarrollo económico del país y por ende en la calidad de vida de los mexicanos. El transporte es crítico para las actividades económicas (transporte de bienes y mercancías, transporte al trabajo, transporte de turistas, compras, entre otros), por lo que sistemas de transporte eficientes impulsan el desarrollo económico y social de México. De igual modo, si son eficientes, reducen las exter- nalidades o costos negativos generados a la sociedad por el automóvil, como: pérdidas económicas por congestión, costos de salud, accidentes y daños ambientales, entre otros.

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Share the road: Investment in walking and cycling road infrastructure

United Nations Environment Programme
Division of Technology, Industry and Economics
Energy Branch
Transport Unit
Share the road initiative

‘Share the Road’ is a UNEP initiative, developed with the FIA Foundation for the Automobile and Society. It brings together the environment and safety agendas in the context of urban transport in the developing world where the majority of people – those moving by foot or bicycle – are disadvantaged on the road. The overall goal is to catalyse policies in government and donor agencies for systematic investments in walking and cycling road infrastructure, linked with public transport systems.

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Dangerous by design: Solving the epidemic of preventable pedestrian deaths (and making great neighborhoods)

Surface Transportation Policy Partnership
Transportation for America

Dangerous by Design: Solving the Epidemic of Preventable Pedestrian Death (and Making Great Neighborhoods) ranks metropolitan areas based on the relative danger of walking.

Nearly 5,000 Americans die preventable deaths each year on roads that fail to provide safe conditions for pedestrians. More than 43,000 Americans – including 3,906 children under 16 – have been killed this decade alone. More than 76,000 Americans have died in the last 15 years. This is the equivalent of a jumbo jet going down roughly every month, yet it receives nothing like that kind of attention

This report is a joint effort of the Surface Transportation Policy Partnership and Transportation for America. Written by Michelle Ernst and Lilly Shoup, it builds on the research and analysis of a number of national organizations and policy experts who are working at the intersection of transportation, public health and safety, social equity, and the environment.

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Dangerous by design 2011 - PDF

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Environmentally sustainable transport for asian cities: A sourcebook

Lloyd Wright
UNCRD
March 2010

© Photo from the publication

Asian cities are at a crossroads. Along the current path, growing numbers of cars and motorcycles will overwhelm streets and neighbourhoods. Pollution, congestion, and accidents will become Asia’s defining features. The cities will be less a place for human interaction than for storing and operating metal machines. Yet, there is another path. Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST) offers an alternative to uncontrolled motorisation and its related problems. Instead, a complementary package of public transport, quality footpaths and cycleways, vehicle restriction measures, clean fuels, safety programmes, and high standards will create a new paradigm for urban mobility and access.

Many cities in the region, such as Seoul and Singapore, have already adapted many of these elements as part of a comprehensive policy towards a more human urban environment. This EST Sourcebook sets forth the elements of a complete EST strategy for Asian cities.

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Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety and Mobility in Europe

Federal Highway Administration - International Technology Scanning Program
February 2010

Pedestrian and bicyclist deaths accounted for 14 percent of U.S. highway fatalities in 2008. The Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and National Cooperative Highway Research Program sponsored a scanning study of five European countries to identify and assess effective approaches to improve pedestrian and bicyclist safety and mobility.

The scan team gathered information on strategies and approaches in the areas of engineering, education, enforcement, encouragement, and evaluation. The team learned that many of the countries studied have established an urban street user hierarchy that gives the highest priority to walking, biking, and public transit.

Team recommendations for U.S. implementation include encouraging transportation policy that gives walking, biking, and other nonmotorized modes the highest priority in the road user hierarchy. The team also recommends evaluating innovative strategies and designs to improve pedestrian and bicyclist safety for possible U.S. use, institutionalizing traffic safety education that starts at an early age, and developing programs that encourage regular walking and biking.


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Bicyclist safety, bike lanes, low-speed street design, pavement markings, pedestrian safety, Safe Routes to School, shared-use paths, traffic safety campaigns, traffic safety education

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Public policies for pedestrian and bicyclist safety and mobility

Criterios de movilidad en zonas urbanas

RACC Automóvil Club

Criterios de movilidad urbana: el primer paso hacia una movilidad racional

La ciudad es la auténtica cuna de todas las virtudes, defectos y rutinas de la circulación de vehículos y personas. Las ciudades, sufren en la actualidad un alto grado de indisciplina en el tráfico y en el aparcamiento, y en general no tienen suficiente transporte público para ofrecer una alternativa real y eficiente al uso del transporte privado.

En la última encuesta elaborada por la Fundación RACC, centrada en la circulación urbana, un 22,3% de los entrevistados admitían abiertamente cruzar las vías urbanas sin utilizar los pasos de peatones, lo cual quiere decir que 7 millones de españoles tienen una alta probabilidad de sufrir un accidente en el ámbito urbano. De otro lado, un 16% de los entrevistados “confesaban” no respetar los límites de velocidad en ciudad cuando se ponían al volante. Unos datos que en números absolutos equivalen a 1.900.000 conductores: cifras que invitan a la reflexión.

Ante esta realidad, resulta imprescindible la aplicación de unos criterios de movilidad urbana básicos que sean el pilar para propiciar un cambio de actitudes en la movilidad diaria de las personas. De igual modo, es necesario reivindicar que el Código de Circulación considere los criterios de circulación urbana más allá de la actual regulación, centrada exclusivamente en la circulación en carretera. Desde hace años, la Fundación RACC participa juntamente con diferentes administraciones en la elaboración de los criterios para fijar objetivos de movilidad urbana, audita la gestión a petición de los interesados, les ayuda a conocer la opinión de la ciudadanía y, todo ello, manteniendo siempre la libertad de crítica.

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Las zonas peatonales

Zonas 30

Walking, urban design, and health: Toward a cost-benefit analysis framework

Marlon G. Boarnet
University of California, Irvine
Michael Greenwald
University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
Tracy E. McMillan
University of Texas
Journal of Planning Education and Research
March 2008 vol. 27 no. 3 341-358

The authors examine the magnitude of health benefits from urban design characteristics that are associated with increased walking. Using geocoded travel diary data from Portland, Oregon, regression analyses give information on the magnitude and statistical significance of the link between urban design variables and two-day walking distances. From the coefficient point estimates, the authors link to the health literature to give information on how many persons would realize health benefits, in the form of reductions in mortality risk, from walking increases associated with urban design changes. Using a cost-benefit analysis framework, they give monetized estimates of the health benefits of various urban design changes. The article closes with suggestions about how the techniques developed can be applied to other cost-benefit analyses of the health benefits of planning projects that are intended to increase walking.

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Walk 21

Walk21 aims to champion the development of healthy sustainable and efficient communities where people choose to walk.

Through the Walk21 Conference series and the International Charter, Walk21 have a vision to create a world where people choose and are able to walk as a way to travel, to be healthy and to relax.

Visit also the Paper Search, hundreds of papers on walking, pedestrians, mobility.

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Pedestrian quality needs

COST - European Cooperation in Science and Technology
2011

The Pedestrians' Quality Needs Project (PQN) identifies what people need for their safe and agreeable mobility in public space and shows the added value of a systems approach compared with sectoral approaches. The main objective is to provide knowledge of pedestrians' quality needs and how those needs relate to structural and functional interventions, policy making and regulation to support walking conditions across the EU and other involved countries.

The PQN project was launched in November 2006 and completed in November 2010. The website displays the complete project outcome.

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Estudio exploratorio del comportamiento peatonal en la ciudad de Buenos Aires

Elaborado para: Dirección General de Seguridad Vial
Buenos Aires Ciudad
Mariano Guntern
Agosto 2010

El propósito del Estudio fue comprender en profundidad el comportamiento del peatón en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires desde una perspectiva integral, abarcando aspectos psicológicos y socio-culturales, que le permita a la Dirección General de Seguridad Vial del Gobierno de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires una planigicación estratégica y efectiva de una campaña de prevención de siniestros peatonales en la ciudad

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Economic valuation of development projects: a case study of a non-motorized transport project in India

Hua Wang; Ke Fang; Yuyan Shi
World Bank
September 2010

One of the major difficulties in doing cost-benefit analysis of a development project is to estimate the total economic value of project benefits, which are usually multi-dimensional and include goods and services that are not traded in the market. Challenges also arise in aggregating the values of different benefits, which may not be mutually exclusive. This paper uses a contingent valuation approach to estimate the economic value of a non-motorized transport project in Pune, India, across beneficiaries. The heads of households which are potentially affected by the project are presented with a detailed description of the project, and then are asked to vote on whether such a project should be undertaken given different specifications of costs to the households. The total value of the project is then derived from the survey answers. Econometric analysis indicates that the survey responses provide generally reasonable valuation estimates.

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Safe roads for development: A policy framework for safe infrastructure on major road transport networks

United Nations Road Safety Collaboration
2010

This policy framework focuses primarily on providing a high-level overview – it is not a comprehensive and prescriptive “how to do it” guide. It is concerned mainly with those major road networks that provide the linkages between towns and cities and with the busy commuter routes in urban corridors. These major roads are generally the roads where the majority of people are killed and in their greatest concentrations. This document focuses primarily on the safety of the users of these major roads and the conflicts between different road users resulting from the heavy use of these roads by motorised transport. Therefore, the report does not cover the roles that roads – often local roads and streets – fulfil as part of their “public domain” as a place to meet, to talk or play or search for goods and services.

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Urban Mobility

IRF Bulletin - Special Edition
August 2010

Sustainable urban mobility policies and plans place the emphasis on transportation systems that are more benign in terms of their impacts on the environment. They notably promote non-motorised means (walking and cycling) and public transportation, and also aim to reduce the use of private motor vehicles. The measures implemented represent a mixture of physical changes and user information systems that are designed to reduce traffic volumes and emissions, increase accessibility, improve safety, change travel habits and provide a better quality of life for all citizens. Urban mobility measures, therefore, fundamentally involve changing behaviour.

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Climate Change and Urban Transportation in Latin America: An Analysis of Recent Projects

Carolyn McAndrews, Elizabeth Deakin and Lee Schipper

Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting 2010 (89th)
Paper #10-2225

Abstract:

Urban transportation investments present an opportunity to mitigate climate change while supporting effective, clean, safe, and equitable transportation. In this paper, the authors discuss how a set of urban transportation investments in Latin America responds to the issue of climate change. The authors analyzed a sample of recent transportation projects funded by an international bank to learn what kinds of infrastructure, plans, and policies are being pursued, and to assess whether projects developed specifically to address climate change differ from other projects. Loans and grants supported a mix of infrastructure for transit, bicycles, and pedestrians, as well as institutional strengthening. While only a few projects explicitly addressed climate change mitigation, their impacts on mode choice and urban development almost surely have positive effects compared to what would happen without them. In some cases, however, funding for road construction at the urban fringe may induce outward urban expansion and greater auto use. Specifically analyzing the carbon consequences of all projects, as well as their combined effects in the overall system, would provide better ability to track and take credit for carbon mitigation and also could flag potential problem areas.

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International Journal of Sustainable Transportation - Most cited articles 2007-2009

International Journal of Sustainable Transportation has a 2009 Impact Factor of .750!
Now you can read the most-cited articles from 2007-2009 for free:

D. A. Hensher, Some Insights into the Key Influences on Trip-Chaining Activity and Public Transport Use of Seniors and the Elderly
Volume 1, Issue 1, pp. 53-68.

B.P.Y. Loo, A.S.Y. Chow, Changing Urban Form in Hong Kong: What Are the Challenges on Sustainable Transportation?
Volume 2, Issue 3, pp. 177-193.

R. Cervero, O.L. Sarmiento, E. Jacoby, et al., Influences of Built Environments on Walking and Cycling: Lessons from Bogota
Volume 3, Issue 4, pp. 203-226.

M.G.H. Bell, Mixed Routing Strategies for Hazardous Materials: Decision-Making Under Complete Uncertainty
Volume 1, Issue 2, pp. 133-142.

E.T. Verhoef, H. Mohring, Self-Financing Roads Volume 3, Issue 5-6, pp.293-311.

J. Zacharias, The Nonmotorized Core of Tianjin Volume 1, Issue 4, pp. 231-248.

E. E. Boschmann, M. P. Kwan, Toward Socially Sustainable Urban Transportation: Progress and Potentials
Volume 2, Issue 3, pp. 138-157.

X.L. Guo, H. Yang, Analysis of a Build-Operate-Transfer Scheme for Road Franchising
Volume 3, Issue 5-6, pp. 312-338.

S. Brathen, J. Odeck, Road Funding in Norway: Experiences and Perspectives
Volume 3, Issue 5-6, pp. 373-388.

M. C. Coelho, T.L. Farias, N.M. Rouphail, A Numerical Tool for Estimating Pollutant Emissions and Vehicles Performance in Traffic Interruptions on Urban Corridors
Volume 3, Issue 4, pp. 246-262.

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Public Policies for Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety and Mobility: An Implementation Project of the Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety and Mobility International Scan

Federal Highway Administration
Office of International Programs
August 2010

In May 2009, a team of 12 transportation professionals from the United States with expertise in bicycling and walking visited five countries in Europe to identify and assess effective approaches to improve pedestrian and bicyclist safety and mobility. The countries visited—Denmark, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom—were chosen because of their innovative approaches to pedestrian and bicycle transportation, as well as the potential transferability of their policies and practices. Later in 2009, the international scan team developed a summary report that outlined its findings and a list of recommended implementation actions. One of the highest rated implementation actions was the development of a policy review for bicycling and walking safety and mobility. This report is the result of that recommended implementation action. The purpose of this report is to identify and provide examples of effective policies and implementing programs that support pedestrian and bicyclist safety and mobility. The examples are from cities in the United States, as well as from other countries (in particular, the five countries visited in the international scan).

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Walking and Cycling to Health: A Comparative Analysis of City, State, and International Data

John Pucher, PhD, Ralph Buehler, PhD, David R. Bassett, PhD, and Andrew L. Dannenberg, MD, MPH
American Journal of Public Health
Oct2010
Vol. 100 Issue 10
p1986-1992 7p
4 Graphs

Objectives. We sought to determine the magnitude, direction, and statistical significance of the relationship between active travel and rates of physical activity, obesity, and diabetes.

Methods. We examined aggregate cross-sectional health and travel data for 14 countries, all 50 US states, and 47 of the 50 largest US cities through graphical, correlation, and bivariate regression analysis on the country, state, and city levels.

Results. At all 3 geographic levels, we found statistically significant negative relationships between active travel and self-reported obesity. At the state and city levels, we found statistically significant positive relationships between active travel and physical activity and statistically significant negative relationships between active travel and diabetes.

Conclusions. Together with many other studies, our analysis provides evidence of the population-level health benefits of active travel. Policies on transport, land-use, and urban development should be designed to encourage walking and cycling for daily travel.

(Am J Public Health. 2010;100:1986–1992.doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.189324)

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Nordic: Public Transport - Transportation for Everyone

Nordic: Road and Transport Research
No 3 2009

Contents:

What’s up? | p4
In Brief | p5
Smart Card Ticketing in Trondheim Delivers Substantial Benefits to Society | p6
Safe School Transportation in New EU project | p7
Technology Improves School Transport | p8
New Forms of Payment for the Provision of Public Transport | p10
Pedestrians in Danger | p11
The AKTA Project: Facilitates Everyday Life for Visually Impaired Persons | p12
Road Pavements and Fuel Consumption | p14
Child Pedestrians’ Quality Needs | p16
Østre Tangent – Connecting Bjørvika to the Inner City | p17
The ITS Scheme for Low Emission Zone in Norway | p18
Safety Effects of Intelligent In-vehicle Systems | p19
Road Pavement Ageing and Traffic Noise Levels | p20
Worn Windscreens – a Road Safety Problem | p21
Myths and Facts about Congestion Charging | p22
Self-explaining Roads | p23

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Persuading for Pedestrian Zones

The city fix
October 2009



The flows of both traffic and history move in sometimes mysterious ways. At the turn of the 21st century, cities, such as DC clamored to integrate the amazing new technology of automobiles. As most urban ...

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