Urban transport and energy efficiency

(Susanne Böhler-Baedeker and Hanna Hüging)
Module 5h - Sustainable Transport: A sourcebook for policy-makers in developing countries
SUTP
January 2012

Considering the challenges of limited oil resources, increasing energy prices, climate change, environmental pollution and health risks, it is essential to establish an efficient transport system that meets demand, but consumes as little energy as possible. The SUTP Sourcebook Module 5h titled "Urban Transport and Energy Efficiency" serves as a navigator for decision makers and stakeholders, including local and national authorities, the private sector and non-governmental organisations. It provides a comprehensive overview of measures and policies designed to promote greater energy efficiency in transport, and assigns specific tasks and responsibilities to particular parties. Case studies illustrate international experiences in implementing measures to increase energy efficiency in transport.
Foto: Wuppertal Institute

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Diseño conceptual del sistema estratégico de transporte público de Villavicencio: Resultado de análisis de alternativas

Unión temporal Steer Davies Gleave - AKIRIS
Preparado para DNP
Junio 2009

En este documento se presenta una propuesta técnica y financiera para el desarrollo del Estudio de “DISEÑO CONCEPTUAL DEL SISTEMA ESTRATÉGICO DE TRANSPORTE PÚBLICO DE VILLAVICENCIO” la cual se ha desarrollado a partir de los análisis realizados por el consultor y la incorporación de los comentarios por parte del DNP y de la administración Municipal.

1.2 Este documento constituye el Informe 4: Resultado de Análisis de Alternativas del estudio del “DISEÑO CONCEPTUAL DEL SISTEMA ESTRATÉGICO DE TRANSPORTE PÚBLICO DE VILLAVICENCIO”. De acuerdo con las obligaciones contractuales este informe debe incluir:

• El resultado final de las propuestas del plan de acción para la transición del sistema y el análisis de costos y financiero del proyecto. En especial deberán indicarse los usos y fuentes de todo el sistema así como la viabilidad en el tiempo de las posibles fuentes. En el informe deberá existir coherencia entre el análisis adelantado en el estudio de Ivarsson y los nuevos planteamientos.
• El diseño de la reestructuración del servicio y las necesidades de par y paso para la adopción del nuevo sistema.

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Además:

Plan de movilidad

Achieving sustainability in urban transport in developing and transition countries

Umwelt Bundes Amt
August 2011
Prof. Dr. Michael Bräuninger, Dr. Sven Schulze, Leon Leschus, Dr. Jürgen Perschon, Christof Hertel, Simon Field, Nicole Foletta

Although nearly one fourth of global CO2-emissions are caused by the transport sector, its effects cannot be reduced to impacts on climate change. Other sustainability problems induced by the transport sector include air pollution, noise and accidents. At the same time mobility has become a basic human need and there is a strong connection between economic development and the transport sector. These effects are especially relevant in urban areas. Nowadays half of the world’s population resides in cities and until the year 2050 this share is expected to rise to 70 %. Besides, cities today already account for nearly two thirds of global energy consumption and for more than 70 % of global CO2-emissions. Thus, this study focuses on sustainability issues in urban transport. Special attention is given to the situation in developing and emerging countries.

2. Best-Practice Examples 45
Case Study 1: National Financing Instruments: Second Generation Road Funds - The Case of Tanzania 45
Case Study 2: Local Financing Instruments in Sibiu, Romania 48
Case Study 3: Public Private Partnership (PPP) in Transport – Hong Kong 50
Case Study 4: Global Environment Facility (GEF): The Latin America Regional Sustainable Transport and Air Quality Project 53
Case Study 5: Climate Investment Fund (CIF) & Clean Technology Fund (CTF) for comprehensive urban transport systems: Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 55
Case Study 6: Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) Morocco 58

3. Settlement structures 61
1. Background 61
2. Best-Practice Examples 66
Case Study 7: Coordination of Transportation and Land Use Planning in Curitiba, Brazil 66
Case Study 8: Affordable Housing in Bogota, Colombia 702
Case Study 9: Brownfield Redevelopment in Beijing, China 73
Case Study 10: Sustainable Urban Development in Kunming, China 77
4. Technological solutions 81
Tech-Box 1: Trolleybuses 85
Tech-Box 2: Bioethanol in Brazil 86
Tech-Box 3: Cable propelled transit in Caracas 88
5. Non-technological solutions 92
1. Background 92
1. General considerations 92
2. Push-measures 94
3. Pull-measures 99
2. Best-Practice Examples 103
Case Study 11: Restrictions on Car-use in Singapore 103
Case Study 12: Bus Rapid Transit in Curitiba, Brazil 107
Case Study 13: Institutional Reform and Bus Rapid Transit ‘Lite’ in Lagos, Nigeria 111
Case Study 14: The Car-free Medina of Fes, Morocco 116
Case Study 15: Non-motorised Transport in Guangzhou, China 119
Case Study 16: Cycle Rickshaw Modernisation in Delhi, India 123
5. Summary and policy recommendations 12

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Global BRT Data

ALC-BRT, EMBARQ, IEA, SIBRT
April 2012

There is growing interest and demand for the high-quality bus systems as cities seek low-cost, sustainable urban transportation solutions. As the number of systems in the world increases, current, accurate and complete information about existing and planned systems becomes increasingly important but difficult to collect.

The goal of BRTdata.org is to improve the sustainable transport community's access to reliable and current data about the BRT and bus corridors currently in operation. We aim to improve the quality and impact of the industry by opening up access to data about the design, performance and cost of these systems. The platform provides a convenient repository of data from a variety of sources including researchers, transit agencies, municipalities and NGOs.

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Bus rapid transit systems and beyond: Exploring the limits of a popular and rapidly growing urban transport system

David Sorg
Master Thesis - MSc in Spatial Development and Infrastructure Systems
ETH - Zurich
July 2011

Image from the publication

In the last decade, the world has seen a massive growth in the number of bus rapid transit systems (BRT). This growth was sparked off by the successful implementation of the first BRT system in Curitiba (Brazil) in the 1970s. BRT aims at providing cost-effective urban transport at a high quality of service, and it doubtlessly is a step ahead in the quest for affordable and improved urban public transport. However, rail-based systems are still a valid alternative for situations in which the limits of BRT systems are reached. Therefore, a main objective of this master thesis is to explore the limitations of BRT systems in urban areas. For this purpose, this work analyses the performance of different BRT systems regarding quality of service, capacity, and cost-efficiency. Threshold levels in passenger demand for choosing between modes are identified by means of a parametric cost model. Findings indicate that BRT has cost and quality advantages over conventional bus and light rail transit (LRT) operation at demand levels between ca. 250 and 2000 spaces per hour per direction. BRT proves to be especially favourable compared to LRT in situations where labour costs are low, where a high commercial speed can be achieved, where frequent services are desired, and where high vehicle load factors are tolerated. Empirical data show that in comparison to conventional bus systems, BRT offers particular quality advantages regarding capacity, accessibility, comfort, safety, and image.

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Cities for mobility

Cities for mobility
2-2011
October 2011

The second edition of the Cities for Mobility eMagazine in 2011 is published. Among other interesting topics, this edition of the e-Magazine provides information on the fifth Cities for Mobility World Congress, which took place in Stuttgart in July 2011.

Content:

• Bus rapid transit systems and beyond: Exploring the limits of a popular and rapidly growing urban transport system
• Bicycle City Berhampur
• The ‘Field of Dreams’ Mentality: Why it takes more than good infrastructure to change our travel behaviour

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Mexico City’s Newest BRT Line goes from Historic Center to the Airport

ITDP
Octubre 20 2011

La ciudad de México está desarrollando la línea 4 de BRT. El recorrido irá del centro histórico al aeropuerto y estará interconectado con los otros sistemas de Transporte como el metro, tren suburbano y otras líneas de Metrobus y rutas de microbuses. El tiempo de viaje de los pasajeros será reducido de una hora y media a cincuenta minutos.

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Recapturing global leadership in Bus Rapid Transit: A survey of select U.S. cities

Annie Weinstock, Walter Hook, Michael Replogle, and Ramon Cruz
ITDP
May 2011

Bus Rapid Transit was first implemented in Curitiba, Brazil in 1974, and has become a global phenomenon in the twenty-first century. Major new BRT projects have opened since the turn of the century in Africa, Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Turkey, several cities in Europe, and dozens of cities in Latin America.

BRT holds great promise for the United States. In 2008, transit ridership in the United States reached its highest level since the mid-1950s and ridership grew faster than population and vehicle miles travelled between 1995 and 2008 [APTA 2010 Fact Book]. The flexibility and cost effectiveness of Bus Rapid Transit make it an excellent choice for cities and transit agencies facing both increasing demand for transit and increasingly constrained budgets.

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Fact sheet

Press release

Guangzhou, China Bus Rapid Transit: Emissions Impact Analysis

Colin Hughes
ITDP
May 2011

The first phase of the Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit (GZ BRT) opened in February of 2010, and it has already become an important demonstration of the efficacy and efficiency of high-capacity, full-featured BRT in Asia. In recent years over a dozen lowvolume bus rapid transit systems have sprung up throughout Asia. GZ BRT breaks this trend, with the first BRT system outside of South America with a daily volume comparable to, and in many cases in excess of, an urban metro-rail. Before GZ BRT, Zhongshan Avenue’s traffic speeds were plummeting and hundreds of buses blocked
traffic while struggling to pick up passengers on crowded curbs. Today, travel speeds are up 29% for buses and 20% for mixed traffic, and bus riders wait in safety and comfort in new high-quality center-median stations.

The analysis of GZ BRT presented here, after just one year of operation, examines aspects of the system design, performance, cost-recovery, and emissions reduction of Asia’s first metro-scale BRT.

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Technical and operational challenges to inclusive Bus Rapid Transit: A guide for practitioners

World Bank
September 2010

photo from access exchange international

The purpose of this guide is to bring recent international experience to bear on accessibility issues that challenge the ability of Bus Rapid Transit systems in less-wealthy countries to serve persons with disabilities, seniors, and others who especially benefit from inclusive design.

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Otros documentos acerca de acceso universal en transporte

The most of our money: Taxpayer friendly solutions for the nation's transportation challenges

Reason Foundation
Transportation for America
Taxpayers for common sense
May 2011

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In the 20th Century, the United States built some of the world’s preeminent transportation systems, including a interstate highway network that’s second to none. The challenge for the 21st century is to maintain this infrastructure while expanding our ability to efficiently
move people and goods.

We face multiple challenges. Money is tight, as the gasoline tax we rely on to build and maintain our transportation network loses its earning power due to improved fuel efficiency and rising costs. Meanwhile, the nation’s transportation needs are increasing, as many of our roads, bridges, and railways fall deeper into a state of disrepair. All of this is occuring in the
context of trillion-dollar annual budget deficits and a $14 trillion national debt. There has never been a more critical time to do more with less.

This paper will introduce seven transportation tools – some big, some small – that can help improve our nation’s transportation system at taxpayer-friendly costs.

This paper offers some of the latest ideas and innovations that can inform the process as Congress writes the next six-year transportation bill. We hope members of Congress will be inspired to encourage, promote, and develop these and other cost-effective transportation measures.

Content:

1. Transportation Scenario Planning: Finding Ways to Get the Biggest Bang for the Buck
2. High Occupancy Toll Lanes (HOT Lanes): Increasing Capacity with Roadway Pricing
3. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT): A Cost-Effective Rapid Transit Option
4. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS): Using Technology to Increase Capacity
5. Intercity Buses: Connecting Communities with Taxpayer-Friendly Transportation
6. Teleworking: Reducing Commuter Impacts on Congested Transportation Systems
7. Local Street Connectivity: Protecting Investments in Major Corridors with Increased Local Connectivity

Press release

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Urban World: Urban Sustainable Mobility

Volume 2 Issue 5 - 2010
UN-Habitat

In this issue:
- A brave new era for public transport in Latin America
- ‘Decade of Action’ launched to reduce road deaths as a global killer
- Medellin’s Mayor talks of how his city has moved from fear to hope
- The contribution of mass transit to sustainable cities and urban mobility

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Reducing Carbon Emissions from Transport Projects

Evaluation Knowledge Brief
July 2010

ADB

A new report, “Reducing Carbon Emissions from Transportation”, recently published by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) provides an important new roadmap to cut greenhouse gases in this sector. With this report, the ADB becomes the first multilateral development bank to estimate the carbon footprint of its transportation assistance programs. These amount to 792 million tons for the projects supported by ADB between 2000-2009, nearly equal to the annual land transport emissions of Thailand.

Press release by ITDP

Project presentation, key findings, recommendations and tools (Evaluation models of several transport modes)

Evaluation model example:

Model 6: Urban Transport - Bus Rapid Transit System

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Tomorrow's Transport

Wall Street Journal special report
May 2011

Move It!
Not only are we spending too little on transportation right now, but we're not spending it wisely. Here's the case for a new approach that puts transportation squarely in the service of the American economy.

The Little Engine Really Could
At last, technology is on the verge of transforming freight rail. The likely outcome: a digital network carrying greater volumes at faster speeds and lower costs.

The Future of Freight Railroads
Freight railroads have made a strong comeback in recent years. Can they stay on track? Four experts with long involvement in the rail industry offer their opinions.

Buses Catch On
Bus rapid transit, which combines the flexibility of buses with the speed, comfort and reliability of rail, is the hottest trend in urban mass transit in the developing world.

Don't Count Hydrogen Fuel Cells Out
Battery-powered electric cars have stolen the thunder of this once ballyhooed technology, but a growing number of auto executives still think it's the ultimate alternative fuel.

Charging Stations Could Use Subscriptions
As electric cars proliferate, the business of recharging them may look less like the filling-station model and more like the way consumers pay for cellphone service.
Map: Electric-Vehicle Charging Stations

Car Talk and Talk and...
Vehicles that constantly communicate with each other and with an information grid could save a lot of lives by preventing crashes—if drivers don't resist the technology because of privacy concerns.

Has the Monorail's Future Arrived?
Monorails are getting a fresh look as São Paulo and a handful of other big cities in emerging economies embrace the technology as a way to meet surging demand for mass transit.

Airlines Promise: It Will Get Better
They say passengers can expect smoother check-ins and more comfortable flights. We'll have to see.

Air Travel's New Era of Self-Control
The FAA is pushing for a $20 billion overhaul of the nation's air-traffic-control system that would let pilots choose their routes, saving fuel, cutting emissions and reducing congestion.
Past Tomorrow's Transport Reports

Fossil Fuelled
Examining the various threats to the global motor industry and highlighting the steps that car makers are taking to overcome them.

Questions on Future of Air Travel Smolder
The closure of airspace amid a cloud of volcanic ash offered a painful reminder of the truths about jet travel: Modern society can't function without it, and the whole system is easily thrown into chaos.

The Roads Not Taken
People have imagined the future of transportation at least since Leonardo da Vinci sketched a flying machine. Here are some past ideas of future travel that never quite came to pass.

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Urban Mobility

IRF Bulletin - Special Edition
August 2010

Sustainable urban mobility policies and plans place the emphasis on transportation systems that are more benign in terms of their impacts on the environment. They notably promote non-motorised means (walking and cycling) and public transportation, and also aim to reduce the use of private motor vehicles. The measures implemented represent a mixture of physical changes and user information systems that are designed to reduce traffic volumes and emissions, increase accessibility, improve safety, change travel habits and provide a better quality of life for all citizens. Urban mobility measures, therefore, fundamentally involve changing behaviour.

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Sistema Integrado de Transporte Público para Arequipa

Documentos de la municipalidad de Arequipa acerca del proyecto de Sistema Integrado de Transporte Público
Municipalidad de Arequipa
Enero 2011

Archivos:

• Implementación de un sistema de transporte público integrado y sostenible en la ciudad de Arequipa
• Estudio de factibilidad: "Mejoramiento integral y sustentable de los servicios de transporte público en la ciudad de Arequipa"
• Plan regulador de rutas 2010-2020 aprobado
• Presentación: sistema integrado de transportes
• Ordenanza municipal nº599.- aprobar el plan regulador de rutas urbanas del sistema integrado de transportes de la ciudad de Arequipa
• Ordenanza municipal nº600.- creación de la agencia de fomento de la inversión privada
• Ordenanza municipal nº601.- creación del sistema integrado de transporte y regulación del sistema de transporte urbano masivo de personas
• Ficha SNIP - declaratoria de viabilidad
• Reglamento de transporte provincial de Arequipa
• Anexo - v
• Ordenanza municipal nº532
• Resolución de alcaldía nº478-2010-mpa licitación de rutas
• Ordenanza municipal n° 640
• Análisis de factibilidad socioambiental proyecto SIT
• Estudio ambiental anexo 1 primera parte
• Estudio ambiental anexo 1 segunda parte
• Estudio ambiental anexo 1 tercera parte
• Estudio ambiental anexo 2 línea base de ruido en eje del corredor
• Estudio ambiental anexo 3 fichas arborización en vía
• Estudio ambiental anexo 4 TDR para estudios para obtener CERS: Términos de referencia para la realización de los estudios básicos para  la Certificación  y obtención  de bonos de Carbono provenientes del primer corredor masivo de alta capacidad de la Ciudad de Arequipa
• Decreto supremo 017-2009-mtc reglamento nacional de la administración del transporte
• Decreto supremo 023-2009-mtc modificatoria al reglamento nacional de la administración del transporte
• Decreto supremo 006-2010-mtc modificatoria al reglamento nacional de la administración del transporte
• Comunicado n°02 expresiones de interés
• “Licitación pública especial para la concesión de la operación del componente tecnológico del sistema integrado de transporte (sit) de la ciudad de Arequipa”

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A critical look at major bus improvements in Latin America and Asia: Case studies of hitches, hic-ups and areas for improvement; Synthesis of lessons learned

Dario Hidalgo
Paulo Custodio
Pierre Graftieaux
April 2007

Lots of papers are available about the famous successes of Transmilenio (Bogotá) and Curitiba but not much is being said about the shortcomings of similar systems, be they recurrent, permanent, temporary during the first months of operation, or appearing gradually as the system grows. Understandably, few cities experts are willing to describe these issues at seminars or in papers. This creates an information gap in the detriment of those who could learn from these lessons. TRISP, a partnership between the UK Department for International Development and the World Bank, has agreed to fund case studies and a transversal analysis to fill this gap and make available this valuable information to our clients and beyond. The methodology used for this assignment included field visits and detailed interviews of key stakeholders, especially the implementation teams, the operators and the decision-makers. The purpose of this BBL will be to present the main findings of the case studies (Quito, Bogotá, León, México, Guayaquil, Pereira, Santiago) complemented with data from Beijing, Jakarta, São Paulo and Curitiba, and the lessons learned.

Source: Worldbank

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Modernizing Public Transportation: Lessons learned from major bus improvements in Latin America and Asia

EMBARQ

October 2010

Research led by Senior Transport Engineer Dario Hidalgo provides key findings and lessons learned from a comprehensive review of major bus improvements in 13 Latin American (Curitiba, Quito, Bogotá, São Paulo, León, México City, Pereira, Guayaquil, Santiago and Guadalajara) and Asian cities.

"Modernizing Public Transport," a 40-page report released in October 2010, is based on research and interviews with planners and public officials in cities and transport agencies around the world.

The report reviews and synthesizes information regarding challenges experienced by transport system decision makers in three key areas: planning, implementation and operations. In order to assist urban transport planners and implementing agencies, the study also provides recommendations on avoiding or mitigating similar difficulties when introducing bus reforms in developing world cities.

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Recomendações para a integração do transporte não motorizado no corredor T5, na cidade de Rio de Janeiro

ITDP
November 2009

A Prefeitura da Cidade de Rio de Janeiro (PCRJ), através da Secretaria Municipal de Transportes (SMTR) e do Instituto Municipal de Urbanismo Pereira Passos (IPP), identificou a necessidade de incluir um sistema de Transporte Não Motorizado ao Corredor T5, proporcionando continuidade e integração em todo o perfil ao longo do Corredor.

O Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (Instituto de Políticas de Transporte e Desenvolvimento – ITDP) elaborou este documento contendo as características do BRT e a proposta do perfil das vias do Corredor T5 da Barra de Tijuca até Penha com recomendações para sua implantação.

O foco do trabalho é apresentar a melhor e mais adequada solução do traçado da ciclovia e da circulação de pedestres ao longo do Corredor T5, a partir do diagnóstico físico das zonas diretamente beneficiadas pelo traçado do BRT, de maneira que a PCRJ possa integrar a proposta com os projetos existentes.

Website

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BRT city examples

Institute for Transportation and Development Policy
November 2009

Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System
Chris Kost
Presentation

Rea Vaya!
Johannesburg, South Africa
Annie Weinstock
Presentation