Share the road: Investment in walking and cycling road infrastructure

United Nations Environment Programme
Division of Technology, Industry and Economics
Energy Branch
Transport Unit
Share the road initiative

‘Share the Road’ is a UNEP initiative, developed with the FIA Foundation for the Automobile and Society. It brings together the environment and safety agendas in the context of urban transport in the developing world where the majority of people – those moving by foot or bicycle – are disadvantaged on the road. The overall goal is to catalyse policies in government and donor agencies for systematic investments in walking and cycling road infrastructure, linked with public transport systems.

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Accessibility in passenger transport: policy and management

Research in Transportation Business & Management
Volume 2, Pages 1-100
November 2011

Accessibility Policy and Planning

Does Accessibility Planning address what matters? A review of current practice and practitioner perspectives Original Research Article
Pages 3-11
Angela Curl, John D. Nelson, Jillian Anable

The use and abuse of accessibility measures in UK passenger transport planning Original Research Article
Pages 12-19
Derek Halden

Implementing accessibility planning for disadvantaged areas and groups

Improving access to employment and training in former coalfields areas in the UK: The Access Alliance Programme Original Research Article
Pages 20-28
Norman James, Clare Waldron

Developing and applying interactive visual tools to enhance stakeholder engagement in accessibility planning for mobility disadvantaged groups Original Research Article
Pages 29-41
Peter Jones

Management of accessibility by mode and by spatial area

Learning to cycle again: Examining the benefits of providing tax-free loans to purchase new bicycles Original Research Article
Pages 42-47
Brian Caulfield, James Leahy

Public transport accessibility through co-modality: Are interconnectivity indicators good enough? Original Research Article
Pages 48-56
Claudia de Stasio, Davide Fiorello, Silvia Maffii

Business strategies and technology for access by transit in lower density environments Original Research Article
Pages 57-64
Roger F. Teal, A. Jeff Becker

The key factors for providing successful public transport in low-density areas in The Netherlands Original Research Article
Pages 65-73
Wouter de Jong, Janneke Vogels, Karolien van Wijk, Otto Cazemier

Market concentration in coastal shipping and limitations to island's accessibility Original Research Article
Pages 74-82
Maria B. Lekakou, Thomas K. Vitsounis

Economic evaluation of accessibiltiy improvements

Passengers' valuations of universal design measures in public transport Original Research Article
Pages 83-91
Nils Fearnley, Stefan Flügel, Farideh Ramjerdi

Evaluating accessibility enhancements to public transport including indirect as well as direct benefits Original Research Article
Pages 92-100
Xenia Karekla, Taku Fujiyama, Nick Tyler

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Muenster, Germany: An example of promoting cycling in cities - Components of a high quality bicycle infrastructure. A short survey

Case studies in sustainable urban transport #2
GIZ SUTP
March 2011

GIZ SUTP released its next document in the case study series. The document is titled "An Example of Promoting Cycling in Cities – Components of a High Quality Bicycle Infrastructure". This study introduces Muenster’s initiatives to promote cycling and outlines specifications and essentials of its bicycle infrastructure. It provides a case study and orientation for transport planners and policy makers who want to develop similar bicycle-based sustainable urban transport systems in their cities. The document is 22 pages long, full colour pictures.

Logged-in SUTP users can download the document directly here (5MB). Unregistered users will need to register here first and proceed to login and then download the document.

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Some decisions will last forever. An evaluation of a Swedish bicycle helmet wearing campaign

VTI
Reseach area: Traffic safety, Society and transport
2009

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The aim of this study was evaluate the effect of a Swedish educational programme encouraging the use of bicycle helmets. Another to important aim was to use a theoretical model to explain which factors contribute to the prediction of cyclists’ intention to use a helmet. A non-representative sample consisting of employees working for the same insurance company located at three different locations in Sweden was selected. Two served as an experiment group and the third as a control or comparison group. Measurements were taken before and after the campaign.

The educational campaign was held by the Swedish Falck Ambulans. The session lasted for one hour. The emphasis of the campaign was to focus on accidents and injuries to the brain when not wearing a helmet. The participants were also given an opportunity to sign a bicycle helmet contract on receipt of which they received a helmet free of charge.

Data were collected using a web-based self-report survey. The results revealed that the proportion of people who used a helmet when biking to work had increased substantially amongst those having taken part in the session. It also showed that after the campaign the intention to use the helmet was greater amongst the experiment group than amongst the control group. The results showed that the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) was effective in the predicting of the intention to wear a helmet. The strongest predictor was perceived behavioural control followed by subjective norm. The weakest TPB predictor was the attitude. The prediction of helmet wearing intention was significantly improved when anticipated regret and past behaviour were added to the model. The results from the Transtheoretical model showed that participants in the experimental group had on average moved one step closer to a change. In sum, it could be concluded that an educational campaign, which also includes elements of endorsement (i.e. to be given a bicycle helmet when signing a contract to use the same), significantly increases the likelihood of using a bicycle helmet.

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The dutch way: Bicycles and fresh bread

The New York Times
July 30 2011

In the Netherlands, respect for bicycles is hard-wired into the culture.

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"Health in all policies" in practice: Guidance and tools to quantifying the health effects of cycling and walking

Sonja Kahlmeier, Francesca Racioppi, Nick Cavill, Harry Rutter, and Pekka Oja
Journal of physical activity and health
2010, 7 (Suppl 1)
In: PEP - Transport, Health and Environment Pan-European Programme

There is growing interest in “Health in All Policies” approaches, aiming at promoting health through policies which are under the control of nonhealth sectors. While economic appraisal is an established practice in transport planning, health effects are rarely taken into account. An international project was carried out to develop guidance and tools for practitioners for quantifying the health effects of cycling and walking, supporting their full appraisal.

Development process: A systematic review of existing approaches was carried out. Then, the products were developed with an international expert panel through an extensive consensus finding process. Products and applications: Methodological guidance was developed which addresses the main challenges practitioners encounter in the quantification of health effects from cycling and walking.

A “Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT) for cycling” was developed which is being used in several countries. Conclusions: There is a need for a more consistent approach to the quantification of health benefits from cycling and walking. This project is providing guidance and an illustrative tool for cycling for practical application. Results show that substantial savings can be expected. Such tools illustrate the importance of considering health in transport policy and infrastructure planning, putting “Health in All Policies” into practice.

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Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety and Mobility in Europe

Federal Highway Administration - International Technology Scanning Program
February 2010

Pedestrian and bicyclist deaths accounted for 14 percent of U.S. highway fatalities in 2008. The Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and National Cooperative Highway Research Program sponsored a scanning study of five European countries to identify and assess effective approaches to improve pedestrian and bicyclist safety and mobility.

The scan team gathered information on strategies and approaches in the areas of engineering, education, enforcement, encouragement, and evaluation. The team learned that many of the countries studied have established an urban street user hierarchy that gives the highest priority to walking, biking, and public transit.

Team recommendations for U.S. implementation include encouraging transportation policy that gives walking, biking, and other nonmotorized modes the highest priority in the road user hierarchy. The team also recommends evaluating innovative strategies and designs to improve pedestrian and bicyclist safety for possible U.S. use, institutionalizing traffic safety education that starts at an early age, and developing programs that encourage regular walking and biking.


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Bicyclist safety, bike lanes, low-speed street design, pavement markings, pedestrian safety, Safe Routes to School, shared-use paths, traffic safety campaigns, traffic safety education

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Public policies for pedestrian and bicyclist safety and mobility

Criterios de movilidad en zonas urbanas

RACC Automóvil Club

Criterios de movilidad urbana: el primer paso hacia una movilidad racional

La ciudad es la auténtica cuna de todas las virtudes, defectos y rutinas de la circulación de vehículos y personas. Las ciudades, sufren en la actualidad un alto grado de indisciplina en el tráfico y en el aparcamiento, y en general no tienen suficiente transporte público para ofrecer una alternativa real y eficiente al uso del transporte privado.

En la última encuesta elaborada por la Fundación RACC, centrada en la circulación urbana, un 22,3% de los entrevistados admitían abiertamente cruzar las vías urbanas sin utilizar los pasos de peatones, lo cual quiere decir que 7 millones de españoles tienen una alta probabilidad de sufrir un accidente en el ámbito urbano. De otro lado, un 16% de los entrevistados “confesaban” no respetar los límites de velocidad en ciudad cuando se ponían al volante. Unos datos que en números absolutos equivalen a 1.900.000 conductores: cifras que invitan a la reflexión.

Ante esta realidad, resulta imprescindible la aplicación de unos criterios de movilidad urbana básicos que sean el pilar para propiciar un cambio de actitudes en la movilidad diaria de las personas. De igual modo, es necesario reivindicar que el Código de Circulación considere los criterios de circulación urbana más allá de la actual regulación, centrada exclusivamente en la circulación en carretera. Desde hace años, la Fundación RACC participa juntamente con diferentes administraciones en la elaboración de los criterios para fijar objetivos de movilidad urbana, audita la gestión a petición de los interesados, les ayuda a conocer la opinión de la ciudadanía y, todo ello, manteniendo siempre la libertad de crítica.

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Las zonas peatonales

Zonas 30

Economic valuation of development projects: a case study of a non-motorized transport project in India

Hua Wang; Ke Fang; Yuyan Shi
World Bank
September 2010

One of the major difficulties in doing cost-benefit analysis of a development project is to estimate the total economic value of project benefits, which are usually multi-dimensional and include goods and services that are not traded in the market. Challenges also arise in aggregating the values of different benefits, which may not be mutually exclusive. This paper uses a contingent valuation approach to estimate the economic value of a non-motorized transport project in Pune, India, across beneficiaries. The heads of households which are potentially affected by the project are presented with a detailed description of the project, and then are asked to vote on whether such a project should be undertaken given different specifications of costs to the households. The total value of the project is then derived from the survey answers. Econometric analysis indicates that the survey responses provide generally reasonable valuation estimates.

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Manual de políticas amables con la bicicleta

Cámara de comercio de Bogotá
Junio 2010

La Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá presenta la traducción y adaptación del manual “Cycle-Inclusive Policy Development: A Handbook” (“Guía para el desarrollo de políticas ciclo-inclusivas”) elaborado por Interface for Cycling Expertise, quien cedió sus derechos para la traducción del documento. El objetivo del manual es convertirse en una herramienta para las autoridades distritales y municipales en el desarrollo de políticas públicas que promuevan la bicicleta como medio de transporte habitual.

Esta guía proporciona herramientas para promover el uso de la bicicleta basada en experiencias internacionales, que en su mayoría corresponden a ciudades europeas donde la condición de movilidad en bicicleta es de alta importancia dentro de la agenda pública. Sin embargo, en procura de que estas recomendaciones sean de fácil entendimiento y tengan aplicabilidad en nuestras ciudades y municipios, la CCB ha propendido por que este documento tome ciertas experiencias relevantes de algunos municipios del Departamento de Cundinamarca tales como: Cajicá, Chía, Cota, Fusagasugá, La Calera, Sibaté, Soacha, Sopó, Suesca, Tabio, Tenjo, Zipaquirá y Bogotá, en los cuales se evidencian esfuerzos y avances en la promoción del uso de la bicicleta y permiten avanzar en el desarrollo de proyectos de transporte no motorizado que contribuyan a mejorar las condiciones de movilidad de la ciudad-región.

Parte 1

Parte 2

Climate Change and Urban Transportation in Latin America: An Analysis of Recent Projects

Carolyn McAndrews, Elizabeth Deakin and Lee Schipper

Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting 2010 (89th)
Paper #10-2225

Abstract:

Urban transportation investments present an opportunity to mitigate climate change while supporting effective, clean, safe, and equitable transportation. In this paper, the authors discuss how a set of urban transportation investments in Latin America responds to the issue of climate change. The authors analyzed a sample of recent transportation projects funded by an international bank to learn what kinds of infrastructure, plans, and policies are being pursued, and to assess whether projects developed specifically to address climate change differ from other projects. Loans and grants supported a mix of infrastructure for transit, bicycles, and pedestrians, as well as institutional strengthening. While only a few projects explicitly addressed climate change mitigation, their impacts on mode choice and urban development almost surely have positive effects compared to what would happen without them. In some cases, however, funding for road construction at the urban fringe may induce outward urban expansion and greater auto use. Specifically analyzing the carbon consequences of all projects, as well as their combined effects in the overall system, would provide better ability to track and take credit for carbon mitigation and also could flag potential problem areas.

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International Journal of Sustainable Transportation - Most cited articles 2007-2009

International Journal of Sustainable Transportation has a 2009 Impact Factor of .750!
Now you can read the most-cited articles from 2007-2009 for free:

D. A. Hensher, Some Insights into the Key Influences on Trip-Chaining Activity and Public Transport Use of Seniors and the Elderly
Volume 1, Issue 1, pp. 53-68.

B.P.Y. Loo, A.S.Y. Chow, Changing Urban Form in Hong Kong: What Are the Challenges on Sustainable Transportation?
Volume 2, Issue 3, pp. 177-193.

R. Cervero, O.L. Sarmiento, E. Jacoby, et al., Influences of Built Environments on Walking and Cycling: Lessons from Bogota
Volume 3, Issue 4, pp. 203-226.

M.G.H. Bell, Mixed Routing Strategies for Hazardous Materials: Decision-Making Under Complete Uncertainty
Volume 1, Issue 2, pp. 133-142.

E.T. Verhoef, H. Mohring, Self-Financing Roads Volume 3, Issue 5-6, pp.293-311.

J. Zacharias, The Nonmotorized Core of Tianjin Volume 1, Issue 4, pp. 231-248.

E. E. Boschmann, M. P. Kwan, Toward Socially Sustainable Urban Transportation: Progress and Potentials
Volume 2, Issue 3, pp. 138-157.

X.L. Guo, H. Yang, Analysis of a Build-Operate-Transfer Scheme for Road Franchising
Volume 3, Issue 5-6, pp. 312-338.

S. Brathen, J. Odeck, Road Funding in Norway: Experiences and Perspectives
Volume 3, Issue 5-6, pp. 373-388.

M. C. Coelho, T.L. Farias, N.M. Rouphail, A Numerical Tool for Estimating Pollutant Emissions and Vehicles Performance in Traffic Interruptions on Urban Corridors
Volume 3, Issue 4, pp. 246-262.

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Public Policies for Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety and Mobility: An Implementation Project of the Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety and Mobility International Scan

Federal Highway Administration
Office of International Programs
August 2010

In May 2009, a team of 12 transportation professionals from the United States with expertise in bicycling and walking visited five countries in Europe to identify and assess effective approaches to improve pedestrian and bicyclist safety and mobility. The countries visited—Denmark, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom—were chosen because of their innovative approaches to pedestrian and bicycle transportation, as well as the potential transferability of their policies and practices. Later in 2009, the international scan team developed a summary report that outlined its findings and a list of recommended implementation actions. One of the highest rated implementation actions was the development of a policy review for bicycling and walking safety and mobility. This report is the result of that recommended implementation action. The purpose of this report is to identify and provide examples of effective policies and implementing programs that support pedestrian and bicyclist safety and mobility. The examples are from cities in the United States, as well as from other countries (in particular, the five countries visited in the international scan).

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Walking and Cycling to Health: A Comparative Analysis of City, State, and International Data

John Pucher, PhD, Ralph Buehler, PhD, David R. Bassett, PhD, and Andrew L. Dannenberg, MD, MPH
American Journal of Public Health
Oct2010
Vol. 100 Issue 10
p1986-1992 7p
4 Graphs

Objectives. We sought to determine the magnitude, direction, and statistical significance of the relationship between active travel and rates of physical activity, obesity, and diabetes.

Methods. We examined aggregate cross-sectional health and travel data for 14 countries, all 50 US states, and 47 of the 50 largest US cities through graphical, correlation, and bivariate regression analysis on the country, state, and city levels.

Results. At all 3 geographic levels, we found statistically significant negative relationships between active travel and self-reported obesity. At the state and city levels, we found statistically significant positive relationships between active travel and physical activity and statistically significant negative relationships between active travel and diabetes.

Conclusions. Together with many other studies, our analysis provides evidence of the population-level health benefits of active travel. Policies on transport, land-use, and urban development should be designed to encourage walking and cycling for daily travel.

(Am J Public Health. 2010;100:1986–1992.doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.189324)

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Experiencias de sistemas de transporte público en bicicleta para América Latina

Carlosfelipe Pardo, Patricia Calderón, Bernardo Baranda, Cécile Medina, Jonas Hagen, Xavier Treviño
Institute for Transportation and Development Policy
October 2010

Este documento presenta las características más relevantes de los sistemas de bicicletas públicas que hay en el mundo, además de algunos estudios de caso para su conocimiento en América Latina. El documento se concentra principalmente en describir los obstáculos más importantes en la implementación de un sistema de este tipo que podrían tenerse en cuenta al desarrollar uno similar en ciudades de América Latina. También se presentan algunas oportunidades o soluciones propuestas a estos obstáculos.

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Caderno de Referência para Elaboração de Plano de Mobilidade por Bicicleta nas Cidades

Coleção Bicicleta Brasil
Programa Brasileiro de Mobilidade por Bicicleta
Caderno 1
Secretaria Nacional de Transporte e da Mobilidade Urbana
Brasil
2007

Este “Caderno de Referência para elaboração de Plano de Mobilidade por Bicicleta nas Cidades” representa um esforço da SeMob em fornecer subsídios para os municípios que têm intenção de implantar um plano cicloviário, integrado aos demais modos existentes, formando uma rede de transporte. Portanto, ele servirá como um importante instrumento para a formulação e desenvolvimento da mobilidade urbana devendo considerar-se as características locais e regionais, sempre com a participação da sociedade, sobretudo das organizações de usuários de bicicletas.

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World Transport Policy & Practice - v. 15 n. 3

Eco-Logica
World Transport Policy & Practice
Volume 15, Number 3
November 2009

Content:

• Cooperative web-based bicycle routing database for trip-planning including dynamic weather integration
• School Travel Modes preferences in Dar Es Salaam City
• Traffic Systems for an Improved City Environment
• Good planning principles far from enough to make a change - Post-script on Traffic Systems for an Improved City Environment

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Recomendações para a integração do transporte não motorizado no corredor T5, na cidade de Rio de Janeiro

ITDP
November 2009

A Prefeitura da Cidade de Rio de Janeiro (PCRJ), através da Secretaria Municipal de Transportes (SMTR) e do Instituto Municipal de Urbanismo Pereira Passos (IPP), identificou a necessidade de incluir um sistema de Transporte Não Motorizado ao Corredor T5, proporcionando continuidade e integração em todo o perfil ao longo do Corredor.

O Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (Instituto de Políticas de Transporte e Desenvolvimento – ITDP) elaborou este documento contendo as características do BRT e a proposta do perfil das vias do Corredor T5 da Barra de Tijuca até Penha com recomendações para sua implantação.

O foco do trabalho é apresentar a melhor e mais adequada solução do traçado da ciclovia e da circulação de pedestres ao longo do Corredor T5, a partir do diagnóstico físico das zonas diretamente beneficiadas pelo traçado do BRT, de maneira que a PCRJ possa integrar a proposta com os projetos existentes.

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Movilidad en bicicleta en Bogotá

Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá - CCB
http://camara.ccb.org.co/
Agosto 2009

Presentación del documento:

La CCB sigue permanentemente los proyectos relacionados con la movilidad como factor que incide en la productividad, competitividad y la calidad de vida de los bogotanos. Como parte de esta labor, se generan espacios de discusión, concertación e intercambio de experiencias, se formulan recomendaciones a los proyectos con el interes de que se implementen de manera efectiva y eficiente.

Todo esto con el objetivo de que se avance en la estructuración de un sistema de movilidad sostenible, que se reduzcan los tiempos de viaje, niveles de contaminación, accidentalidad y congestión.

Dado el potencial de la bicicleta como modo de transporte sostenible, desde 2008 la CCB ha dado gran importancia a los proyectos que la promueven como medio cotidiano de transporte. Y justamente el presente estudio busca generar un diagnóstico acerca de diferentes aspectos relacionados con la utilización de este medio de transporte de manera diaria en la ciudad.

Esperemos que esta publicación contribuya a potenciar el uso de la bicicleta en el marco de un esquema de transporte sostenible para Bogotá y la región.

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International Scan Summary Report on Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety and Mobility

Federal Highway Administration's International Programs
August 2009

In May 2009, a team of 12 transportation professionals with expertise in bicycling and walking from the United States (U.S.) visited five countries in Europe (Table 1) to identify and assess effective approaches to improve pedestrian and bicyclist safety and mobility. The countries identified in Table 1 were chosen because of their innovative approaches to nonmotorized transportation, as well as the potential transferability of their policies and practices. Some, like Denmark, had experienced an increase in car use in the 1960s and 1970s, and subsequently reoriented their transportation policy to give priority to bicycling and walking. The scan team heard presentations from and had informal discussions with the foreign hosts. During most visits, the scan team also went on guided field visits (by bike as well as by foot) to better understand and experience the design and operation of various walking and bicycling facilities. These field visits were invaluable in documenting the facilities through photos and video, observing traffic behavior, and experiencing firsthand how well a design or operational strategy worked.

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