Análisis de las relaciones intersectoriales y la eficiencia técnica del sector transporte en México

Victor Manuel Islas Rivera, Cesar Rivera Trujillo, Salvador Hernández García, Martha Lelis Zaragoza
Instituto Mexicano del Transporte
Publicación ténica No. 338

En el presente informe se presenta una primera revisión y análisis de la relación económica sectorial entre el sector transporte mexicano y los demás sectores de la economía. Así, con base en la información generada por parte del INEGI, se han determinado los principales sectores (oferentes y demandantes) con los que el sector transporte en México tiene eslabonamientos, tanto en su carácter de sector oferente de servicios (“eslabonamientos hacia delante”) como en su modalidad de demandante de bienes y servicios de otros sectores (“eslabonamientos hacia atrás”). También se ha realizado un análisis comparativo de la interrelación sectorial de 2003 con la información intersectorial que se observaba en 1980 en el transporte de México. Se exploran también las posibilidades de uso del análisis de la eficiencia técnica mediante el análisis de envolvente de datos (data envelopment analysis) propuesto por Charnes, Cooper y Rodes en 1978 (modelo DEA-CCR), para caracterizar el desempeño del sector transporte, tomando el criterio de la mejor marca o frontera de producción eficiente. Con esto se desea avanzar en la búsqueda de nuevas bases metodológicas para mejorar el análisis de la demanda agregada del sector transporte por medio de la información que proporciona la matriz insumo-producto

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Laying the foundations for greener transport

TERM 2011: transport indicators tracking progress towards environmental targets in Europe
European Environment Agency
November 2011

For the first time ever the European Commissions is proposing a greenhouse gas emissions target for transport. But how is transport going to provide the services that our society needs while minimising its environmental impacts? This is the theme for the Transport White Paper launched in 2011. TERM 2011 and future reports aim to deliver an annual assessment on progress towards these targets by introducing the Transport and Environment Reporting Mechanism Core Set of Indicators (TERM-CSI). TERM 2011 provides also the baseline to which progress will be checked against, covering most of the environmental areas, including energy consumption, emissions, noise and transport demand. In addition, this report shows latest data and discuss on the different aspects that can contribute the most to minimise transport impacts. TERM 2011 applies the avoid-shift-improve (ASI) approach, introduced in the previous TERM report, analysing ways to optimise transport demand, obtain a more sustainable modal split or use the best technology available.

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Utilizing Information Technology in Innovative Marketing Approaches for Public Transportation

William P. Morris, Kelly Robertson, Jeremy Spinks
National Center for Transportation Research
Center for Urban Transportation Research
University of South Florida
February 2010

The original objective of this study is to scan the internet and other information technology sources to identify innovative marketing techniques that have been attempted to date by, in and surrounding the public transportation industry, and to solicit ideas for more unconventional applications that transit agencies and TDM professionals can consider. The investigation led to the uses, applications, marketing and communications potential of social media for the public transportation and Transportation Demand Management industries. Social media afford low cost, high impact techniques that can be easily and quickly employed to reach target markets and audiences. The study also provides tools, in the form of a guidebook and dedicated website, for transit agencies to use the various social media for their own tailored marketing approaches. Social media tools addressed in the study include social networks, weblogs, audio/video blogs, microblogs, photo and video sharing, and user-generated content. In each, specific examples of applications for the public transit and Transportation Demand Management industries is examined and explained. The guidebook provides clear instructions for how agencies can utilize the media and the projected benefits, and is complete with embedded links to resources and information. There is also a dedicated website, www.gosocialtransit.com that accompanies the guidebook and provides an overview of each media and links to industry applications.

Download the final report.

Download the guidebook Routes to New Networks: A Guide to Social Media for the Public Transportation Industry

Special Issue: Latin-American Transport Research

Networks and spatial economics
Special Issue: Latin-American Transport Research
Volume 11, Number 3 / September 2011
Guest Editors: Víctor Cantillo and José Holguín-Veras

Preface Special Issue on Latin-American Transport Research
Víctor Cantillo and José Holguín-Veras
391-392

On the Treatment of Repeated Observations in Panel Data: Efficiency of Mixed Logit Parameter Estimates María Francisca Yáñez, Elisabetta Cherchi, Benjamin G. Heydecker and Juan de Dios Ortúzar
393-418

Econometric Effects of Utility Order-Preserving Transformations in Discrete Choice Models
Francisco Javier Amador and Elisabetta Cherchi
419-438

A Hierarchical Gravity Model with Spatial Correlation: Mathematical Formulation and Parameter Estimation Louis de Grange, Angel Ibeas and Felipe González
439-463

Special Issue on Latin-American Research: A Time Based Discretization Approach for Ship Routing and Scheduling with Variable Speed
Ricardo A. Gatica and Pablo A. Miranda
465-485 

New Models for Commercial Territory Design
María Angélica Salazar-Aguilar, Roger Z. Ríos-Mercado and Mauricio Cabrera-Ríos
487-507

An Experimental Economics Investigation of Shipper-carrier Interactions in the Choice of Mode and Shipment Size in Freight Transport
Jose Holguín-Veras, Ning Xu, Gerard de Jong and Hedi Maurer
509-532

 Lumpy Investment in Regulated Natural Gas Pipelines: An Application of the Theory of the Second Best Dagobert L. Brito and Juan Rosellón
533-553

 “Special Issue on Latin-American Research” Maritime Networks, Services Structure and Maritime Trade Laura Márquez-Ramos, Inmaculada Martínez-Zarzoso, Eva Pérez-García and Gordon Wilmsmeier
555-576

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Transport Outlook 2011: Meeting the needs of 9 billion people

International Transport Forum
May 2011

photo from the publication

The world’s population will reach 9 billion by 2050. Meeting their transport demands will be challenging. As both population and incomes rise, global passenger mobility and global freight transport volumes may triple by 2050. The International Transport Forum’s 2011 Outlook examines these trends, exploring the factors that may drive demand even higher and the limits imposed by infrastructure capacity, fuel prices and policies to accommodate or limit potentially explosive growth of car use in rapidly developing countries.

The Outlook traces scenarios for emissions of CO2 from transport and the impact of policies to improve the fuel economy of conventional vehicles and promote the use of electric cars, including implications for fuel tax revenues. Trends in passenger car traffic are given particular attention, examining evidence for saturation of demand in high income countries.

The report also focuses on future directions for trade, as suggested by trends in the current economic recovery. A global rebalancing in the wake of the financial crisis may already be over, with trade returning to pre-crisis patterns ahead of any longer term restructuring for economic sustainability.

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More mobility with less traffic: Arguments for sustainable mobility

German Federal Environment Agency
March 2011

The car acts like a drug: It opens up new dimensions of mobility, but when used to excess has considerable side-effects which choke the mobility it affords. A close analysis of the concept of mobility shows that mobility is not the same as traffic. One and the same level of mobility can be achieved with much or with little traffic. The determining factor is the range of activities offered within an individual's radius of action. If we wish to safeguard mobility for the long term, we have to improve opportunities for activities near the home rather than widen the radiuses of action.

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Integrative freight demand management in the New York City metropolitan area

José Holguín-Veras, Ph.D., P.E.
Professor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Kaan Ozbay, Ph.D.
Professor, Rutgers University
Alain Kornhauser, Ph.D.
Chairman, ALK Technologies
Anthony Shorris
Director, Rudin Center for Transportation Policy and Management
Satish Ukkusuri, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Purdue University
Rutgers Intelligent Transportation Systems Laboratory
September 2010

This project is one of the first in the world that has successfully integrated the use of remote sensing technology —in this case Global Positioning System (GPS) enabled cell phones— as part of a system that effectively reduces truck traffic in the congested hours of the day, through the use of incentives to receivers.

In the opinion of the team, the project has opened new doors for the use of remote sensing technology as a central component of a freight demand management concept that is widely supported by both the freight industry and transportation agencies, which is solidly supported by cutting edge research. The team is optimistic that the project will prove to be a watershed in freight demand management in urban areas.

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Aspectos determinantes del estado de la facilitación del transporte en América Latina: Los casos de Colombia y el Perú (Comunidad Andina de Naciones)

Marelia Martínez Rivas
CEPAL
Studies and perspectives series, Washington - 8
Diciembre 2010

Pese a que el debate sobre la facilitación del comercio y del transporte ha sido bastante amplio, se ha centrado en el ámbito de comercio exterior y, sobre todo, en la simplificación de los trámites aduaneros. No obstante, la situación que afrontan los agentes de comercio internacional respecto del transporte en los tramos domésticos se ha tratado de manera muy tangencial y por lo general focalizada en la problemática fronteriza.

Sobre la base de una revisión conceptual y del estado en que se encuentran los aspectos que comprende el término “facilitación del transporte”, en el presente documento se explora la relación entre el impulso que le han dado algunos gobiernos y el consiguiente crecimiento de las exportaciones no tradicionales, así como los retos que afrontan los pequeños y medianos productores para ser competitivos internacionalmente cuando carecen de escala suficiente como para generar las soluciones logísticas pertinentes. Se analizan en detalle los esfuerzos realizados por varios países de la región andina —en particular Colombia y el Perú— para solventar estas restricciones, abordando el tema de la facilitación desde un punto de vista distinto al de la infraestructura: el de los demandantes de servicios de transporte y logística y de quienes ofrecen dichos servicios, esto es, la perspectiva de la demanda en comparación con la tradicional de la oferta.

En el estudio se concluye que si bien todavía existen brechas en materia de infraestructura, hay señales de que el problema está siendo atendido y se resolverá gradualmente. De ahí que en la actualidad los retos principales sean crear un sistema troncal de movimiento de carga que incluya redes y nodos logísticos y promover la calidad y diversificación de la oferta de servicios conexos de valor agregado mediante el fortalecimiento de los operadores de transporte, todo ello incorporando las nuevas tecnologías de la información y de las comunicaciones (TIC) del caso y adaptando la participación privada a las nuevas modalidades de funcionamiento que exige el sistema.

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Study on Urban Access Restriction

European Commission
December 2010

This document reports on the results of a study funded by the EC – DG MOVE to investigate the state-ofthe-art of Access Restriction Schemes (ARS) in Europe and identify actions in which the European Union could engage to promote better awareness of the ARS concept, of the implementation options and of their effects, and to foster the dissemination and exchange of best practice in this field.

Access Restriction Schemes: a European study

An increasing number of European cities is engaged in the design and implementation of demand management strategies based upon the concept of "controlled access", which entails the more or less gradual interdiction of selected urban areas to traffic. Access restriction policies vary a great deal, depending on the chosen exclusion criteria. Popular examples include closure of inner city areas and other sensitive zones to less clean and energy efficient vehicles or to freight vehicles above a certain weight, to private vehicles owned by non-residents in the restricted area, or to motorized vehicles altogether.

The current situation is characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity, on several accounts:

• The objectives of the Access Restriction Schemes (ARS): so far schemes were mainly driven by air quality targets, but other strategic objectives are forcefully emerging, including e.g. transport efficiency, economic growth etc.
• the type of access restriction: i.e. which traffic is specifically targeted? (passengers Vs freight, vehicle technology, time slots, etc.)
• the instruments adopted: they can be regulatory/prescriptive (bans, vehicle standards, etc.) or/and market based (road and/or parking pricing, bonuses, paying permits, incentives, etc), while information based instruments can supplement/facilitate the implementation of both regulatory and economic instruments – the technical/technological solutions adopted to implement and enforce the schemes

From the EU perspective, the heterogeneity of the schemes experimented/planned so far entails major drawbacks, notably:

• higher costs (no mainstream technological/organizational solution)
• undue/undesired discrimination (vehicles/users authorized in City X may be unauthorized in City Y)

Although subsidiarity and proportionality principles limit the scope of EU intervention, the recent Urban Sustainable Mobility Action Plan calls for a proactive role of the EU, focusing on the identification of best practices and their diffusion across European cities.

Study Abstract
Executive Summary
The European Traveller
Recommendations to the EU
Final Report

Project's webiste: http://www.accessrestriction.eu/

Cost Damping in Travel Demand Models: Report of a study for the Department for Transport

Andrew Daly
RAND Technical Report

Cost Damping is a feature in some travel demand models by which the marginal disutility of cost (and, possibly, of time) declines as journey lengths increase. It is present in many models in practical use in the UK and the Department for Transport sought recommendations for the advice it issues to local planners in the ‘WebTAG’ system: www.dft.gov.uk/webtag. The report makes a review of UK and limited international practice, a significant part of it due to RAND Europe, and discusses the advantages, disadvantages and theoretical backgrounds of the methods that are used, which can be reduced to eight principal model formulations, each in turn belonging to one of four essentially different types. Evidence of the importance of Cost Damping in practice is assessed. Tests of the model formulations are proposed, including a novel ‘kilometrage’ test, and a number of the model forms used in practice are found to be unsatisfactory with respect to one or other of these tests. The use of distance as a variable in the models is found to be unsatisfactory. The report goes on to show that microeconomic theory gives little insight into the appropriate forms of Cost Damping. Finally, a small number of Cost Damping mechanisms are recommended as being acceptable for use in practical modelling.

Contents

Chapter One:
International expertise

Chapter Two:
The relationship of cost sensitivity and trip length

Chapter Three:
The impact of microeconomic theory

Appendix:
The Kilometrage Test

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Transportation Demand Management

Training Document
SUTP
April 2009
Spanish Version November 2009



Transportation Demand Management (TDM) aims to increase the efficiency of a transport system by discouraging “unnecessary” private vehicle use, by promoting more effective, healthy and environment-friendly modes of transport and by integrating urban development and transport.

For cities that are contemplating on solutions to solve their urban transport problems this training document should be of great support in making their decisions. Authored by Todd Litman, Andrea Broaddus and Gopinath Menon this document focuses on strategies for implementing TDM measures and on formulating related policies.

SUTP users can download the document from here 9.20 Mb. Unregistered visitors can click here to register (at no cost) and then proceed to download.

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En Español: Gestión de la Demanda de Transporte - Noviembre 2009

Chile - Santiago Urban Transport Programmatic Development Policy Loan Project

World Bank
August 2009

Ratings for the Santiago Urban Transport Programmatic Development Policy Loan Project for Chile were as follows: outcomes were moderately satisfactory, the risk to development outcome was moderate, the Bank performance was moderately satisfactory, and the Borrower performance was also moderately satisfactory. Some lessons learned included: lack of a holistic approach may result in emphasizing one concern over another, for example, focusing mainly on environmental and economic considerations may lead to a design with unnecessarily fewer and larger buses. However, fewer and larger buses reduce comfort and increase waiting times. Such a decrease in service quality is a disincentive for public transport use and will, at least in the long run, go against environmental and economic considerations. Hence, it is important that a design that includes user participation finds the right balance between environmental and economic considerations and service quality. Travel and network models are excellent tools to evaluate network designs, but over reliance on normative analytical tools that 'optimize' a network subject to a set of assumptions, especially in areas that assume behavioral changes, should be avoided. The modeling exercise also needs to include 'bottom up' inputs, such as information on the importance in terms of overall weight people give to transfers, waiting, and walking. The Santiago experience showed that it is not advisable to redesign the public transport network without considering the existing information on travel demand and destination available through the operators. Additionally, stakeholders' involvement in the network design process, especially the municipalities comprising the metropolitan area, operators and users, is essential, and the design concept for the network needs to be extensively modeled before implementation.

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Travel time variability Definition and valuation

Institut for Transport - Denmark
August 2008

Increasing traffic leads to increasing severity, spatial extension and duration
of congestion. Congestion has two immediate consequences. One is that travel times increase on average. Another is that travel times become increasingly variable and unpredictable. When performing economic appraisal of transport policies it is important to account for both. This is fast becoming widely acknowledged in many countries around the world. The subject is, however, quite difficult for several reasons and so far there is no established consensus on how to define and value travel time variability. This report was commissioned by the Danish Ministry of Transport and its agencies Vejdirektoratet (the Road Directorate) and Trafikstyrelsen (the Rail Agency). Its purpose is to establish a definition of travel time variability and its value that is theoretically sound, possible to estimate from individual preferences, and applicable with existing or realistically foreseeable traffic models. In addition, the report provides short term recommendations for including valuation of travel time variability in Danish practice for economic appraisal of transport projects and outlines a future Danish study of the valuation of travel time variability.

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Why should cities change from DOT to TOD?

Lai Li
Proceedings of ICE, Transport
162 May 2009 Issue TR2

Transportation systems and cities that are connected by development-oriented transit (DOT) should be reconnected under the newer concept of transit-oriented development (TOD). This paper examines the reasons why cities should progressively change from DOT to TOD. The literature was reviewed to examine the urban history of DOT and TOD and the aims of TOD were identified. The relationship between sustainable development and concepts of TOD was then established to show why cities should change from DOT to TOD. It was also concluded that the concepts of TOD match sustainable development. Finally, extended strategies of TOD were established for Taipei City in the two specific perspectives of the transport system and land use.

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E-learning for training Energy Agencies in mobility management and alternative fuels

E-TREAM

e-TREAM offers a complete e-learning platform for Mobility Management and Alternative fuels for free:
Select from 10 language versions
Be flexible; learn whenever you have time to do so
Get inspiration from best practices from all over Europe
Communicate with other users, with experts in the forums or with your personal tutor
Be interactive and use audio and video files, presentations, links and other features
Choose from 9 training modules:

Fundamentals of transport and energy (introduction)
Production and utilisation of bio-fuels
Alternative fuels and clean vehicles (excluding bio-fuels)
Driving style and in-car devices
Mobility Management for municipalities
Mobility Management for companies and institutions
Mobility Management for schools
Demand Management
Mobility Marketing

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Getting On Track: Key Public Transportation Projects and Their Benefits for Illinois

Illinois PIRG
May 2009

Illinois’ transportation system is in trouble. High and wildly fluctuating gas prices add to Illinois residents’ economic woes, traffic congestion wastes valuable time and energy, and our cars and trucks produce pollution that harms Illinois residents’ health and contributes to global warming.

Public transportation makes a vital contribution to Illinois’ transportation system, relieving congestion, reducing our dependence on oil, curbing pollution, stimulating the economy, and helping to sustain healthy, vibrant communities. In recent years, Illinois transit systems have made these vital contributions despite funding levels that have often threatened service and left important expansion projects on the drawing board.

Illinois needs a transportation system that meets the needs of the 21st century – one in which public transportation plays an even bigger role than it does today. To get there, we need to start investing now in critical public transportation projects.

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Transport Research Series: Evaluation of National Concessionary Travel in Scotland

Scottish Government
May 2009

This evaluation of concessionary travel in Scotland aims to establish the effectiveness of each scheme against their policy objectives and to assess the impacts across a range of measures. The study considers the impact of concessionary travel on behaviour and the extent to which it had impacted positively on social inclusion, modal shift and the establishment of healthier lifestyles among particular groups. The impacts on non-users and transport operators are also considered.

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Demystifying induced travel demand

Sustainable Urban Transport Technical Document #1
Roger Gorham
SUTP
April 2009

“If we build it, they will come”: The question of induced travel demand attracts substantial interest from decision-makers, planners and the wider public alike. This technical document is intended as an introduction to the concept of induced travel demand and the principal arguments and debates surrounding the phenomenon. The module has been written by Roger Gorham, a leading researcher in the field.

In an effort to provide greater knowledge to the policy makers on issues related to sustainable urban transport GTZ SUTP developed a series of documents titled "Sustainable Urban Transport Technical Documents". The first of this series is on "Induced Travel".

SUTP users can download the document from here 3.64 Mb. Unregistered visitors can click here to register (at no cost) and then proceed to download.

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FAA Aerospace Forecasts FY 2009-2025

Federal Aviation Administration
April 2009

The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration has released a report that examines future trends expected in the aerospace industry. The report explores the economics of the industry in general as well as trends expected to affect the commercial and general aviation community.

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Why and How to Fund Public Transportation

U.S. PIRG
March 2009

This document provides an overview of why transit should receive government funds and how those revenues should be raised. It also briefly discusses some ways to ensure that transit spending can best fulfill its policy goals.

Most transit systems face recurring shortfalls in their operating budgets. Part of the problem is changing political demographics. America’s population increasingly lives and works in the suburbs where transit appears less relevant and its benefits less direct. Decades of transportation, housing and land-use policies have encouraged transit-unfriendly patterns of spread out development. Policies also do not require cars and trucks to bear the enormous social costs that they create from pollution, congestion and accidents. Transit may appear less relevant to most Arizonans, but it is more necessary than ever.

When transit gets people out of their cars, the result is less congestion, less pollution and fewer accidental injuries and deaths.

Transit does have other benefits. Rail, bus, and trolleys provide travel options. These can be crucial for low-income or middle-income residents who live far from job centers and desire more affordable transportation options. Transit can also make a big difference for people with limited mobility. Even for people who do have a car and ordinarily drive, transit provides a valuable option when big events make parking difficult or the car is in the shop. Transit can also provide local economic stimulus by attracting more people to a community, making it a destination for shoppers and employers.

New funding for public transportation can come to states from a variety of different sources. These include: sales taxes, general revenues, development fees and additional funds from the federal government. Alternative levies can be designed to simultaneously raise revenue while also ensuring that commuters pay their fair share of the social costs caused by driving. Increased passenger fares, on the other hand, are typically a poor source of additional revenues because they deter riders.

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