Beuran, Monica; Mahihenni, Mohamed Hadi; Raballand, Gael ; Refas, Salim;
World Bank
Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 6014
Marzo 2012
Long cargo dwell times in ports are a critical issue in Sub-Saharan African countries since they result in slow import processes and are bound to dramatically reduce trade. The main objective of this study is to analyze long dwell times' causes in ports in Sub-Saharan Africa from a shipper's perspective. The findings point to the crucial importance of private sector practices and incentives. The authors argue in the case of Sub-Saharan African countries that private operators, rather than being advocates of reforms in this area, might be responsible for the failures of many of these initiatives. It seems that in Sub-Saharan Africa importers' and freight forwarders' professionalism, cash constraints and operators' strategies are some of the factors that have a major impact on cargo dwell time. Low competency, cash constraints and low storage tariffs explain why most importers have little incentive to reduce cargo dwell time since in most cases, this would increase their input costs. However, monopolists/cartels may have a stronger incentive to reduce cargo dwell time but only in order to maximize their profit (and would not adjust prices downward).
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Showing posts with label Trade facilitation. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Trade facilitation. Show all posts
Thursday, April 19, 2012
Tuesday, April 17, 2012
Handbook of best practices at border crossings: A trade and transport facilitation perspective
OSCE - Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and UNECE
February 2012
A practical guide for government agencies and private sector bodies which operate border crossing points. Published by the OSCE and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.
Table of contents:
Foreword
Overview
1. Trade and Customs: The International Legal Framework
2. From Domestic to International Co-operation
3. Balancing Security with Trade and Transport Facilitation and Developing Partnerships with Private Industry
4. Processing of Freight: Policies for Control, Clearance and Transit
5. Risk Management and Selectivity
6. Options for the Design of Border Crossing Points
7. Information and Communications Technology and Non-Intrusive Inspection
Photo: OSCE
8. Human Resource Management
9. Measuring Border Agency Performance: Possibilities for Benchmarking
ANNEX 1: Border definitions
ANNEX 2: International organizations
Photo Credits
Abbreviations and Acronyms
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Ver por capítulos
February 2012
Table of contents:
Foreword
Overview
1. Trade and Customs: The International Legal Framework
2. From Domestic to International Co-operation
3. Balancing Security with Trade and Transport Facilitation and Developing Partnerships with Private Industry
4. Processing of Freight: Policies for Control, Clearance and Transit
5. Risk Management and Selectivity
6. Options for the Design of Border Crossing Points
7. Information and Communications Technology and Non-Intrusive Inspection
Photo: OSCE
8. Human Resource Management
9. Measuring Border Agency Performance: Possibilities for Benchmarking
ANNEX 1: Border definitions
ANNEX 2: International organizations
Photo Credits
Abbreviations and Acronyms
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Ver por capítulos
UNCTAD Transport Newsletter
UNCTAD
Nº53 - First Quarter 2012
Content
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Nº53 - First Quarter 2012
Content
- Upcoming conference: Thirteenth session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
- (UNCTAD XIII), 21‐26 April 2012, Doha, Qatar
- Ministerial Conference on Transport at ESCAP, Second Session, 12‐16 March 2012 Bangkok, Thailand: Asia‐
- Pacific nations reaffirm their commitment to efficient, reliable and safe transport infrastructure and
- services
- Newly published "Liability and Compensation for Ship‐Source Oil Pollution: An Overview of the International
- Legal Framework for Oil Pollution Damage from Tankers", UNCTAD Studies in Transport Law and Policy
- Newly published "Trade Facilitation in Regional Trade Agreements", from the UNCTAD Transport and Trade
- Facilitation Series
- UNCTAD project launched to develop Implementation Plans for an eventual WTO Trade Facilitation
- Agreement in several countries
- UNCTAD Case Study ‐ How to utilize FDI to improve transport infrastructure (Ports) ‐ Lessons from Nigeria
- The Low Carbon Shipping (LCS) Consortium
- Upcoming events under the UNCTAD Port Training Programme
- UNCTAD Technical Notes on Trade Facilitation now in Spanish
- Trade Facilitation as an Early Harvest under the WTO Doha Round
- Public Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) Toolkit for PPPs
- OSCE‐UNECE Handbook of Best Practices at Border Crossings
- Data Harmonization and Modelling Guide for Single Window Environment
- Training Programmes on Trade Facilitation and Rules of Origin during 2012 and 2013
- Globalization and Transport
- Oil Spill Risk Management 2011
- Measuring and Managing CO2 Emissions of European Chemical Transport
- Time as a Trade Barrier
- TransFarm Africa Initiative ‐ Removing the Barriers to African agricultural production, Tanzania Case study
- All About Shipping
- Policy Analysis of Complex Transport Systems, 2‐7 June 2012, Azores, Portugal
- PortExecutive Seminar, 28‐29 June 2012, Marseilles, France
- Maritime Public Leaders’ Programme, 15‐23 October 2012, Singapore
- Intelligent Mobility – thinking about tomorrow’s transport
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Friday, December 16, 2011
Intelligent governance of large urban systems
Vol 13 Nº 3
Networks industries quarterly
September 2011
For the first time in history, a majority of mankind are living in cities. While the continuous flow of technological innovations goes a long way in solving some of the pressing issues brought by this massive urbanization, the “software” required to adequately address this radical transformation - the institutional framework - often lags behind. Fortunately, as this edition of NIQ shows, multiple initiatives including an active involvement of the citizens have been undertaken to tackle some of the challenges.
Content:
- Cognitive cities and intelligent urban governance
- New challenges in the evaluation of Smart Cities
- Intelligent governance of large urban systems: What is at stake regarding transport issues?
- Comparative performance assessment of Smart Cities around the North Sea basin
- SCRAN: Assembling a community of practice for standardizing the transformation of eGovernment services
- Supporting sustainability through smart infrastructures: the case of Amsterdam
- Innovative ICT solutions for monitoring and facilitating international trade
Acceder al documento
Networks industries quarterly
September 2011
For the first time in history, a majority of mankind are living in cities. While the continuous flow of technological innovations goes a long way in solving some of the pressing issues brought by this massive urbanization, the “software” required to adequately address this radical transformation - the institutional framework - often lags behind. Fortunately, as this edition of NIQ shows, multiple initiatives including an active involvement of the citizens have been undertaken to tackle some of the challenges.
Content:
- Cognitive cities and intelligent urban governance
- New challenges in the evaluation of Smart Cities
- Intelligent governance of large urban systems: What is at stake regarding transport issues?
- Comparative performance assessment of Smart Cities around the North Sea basin
- SCRAN: Assembling a community of practice for standardizing the transformation of eGovernment services
- Supporting sustainability through smart infrastructures: the case of Amsterdam
- Innovative ICT solutions for monitoring and facilitating international trade
Acceder al documento
Tuesday, December 13, 2011
Oil prices and maritime freight rates: An empirical investigation
UNCTAD
April 2010
Oil is the major energy source powering the global economy, supplying 95% of all the energy used in world transport.
Maritime transport, which carries over 80% of the volume of global merchandise trade, relies heavily on oil for propulsion, and in view of the limitations imposed by existing technology and costs, it is not yet in a position to adopt effective energy substitutes.
With oil becoming increasingly scarce and more costly to produce, and with prices having already risen to close to $150 per barrel (pb) in July 2008, the question of how changes in oil prices affect shipping costs is of considerable interest.
For the trade of many developing countries, excessive international transport costs already pose a considerable obstacle.
To help improve understanding of oil prices as a determinant of transport costs, UNCTAD conducted an empirical analysis of the relationship between oil prices and maritime freight rates. While the analysis focused on container transport, it also covered some dry and wet bulk trades, namely, iron ore and crude oil.
The findings of the analysis, presented in a technical report entitled Oil Prices and Maritime Freight Rates: An Empirical Investigation, confirm that rising oil prices drive up maritime freight rates in all three trades examined, with estimated elasticities varying, depending on the market segment and the specification.
For container trade, the effect of oil prices on container freight rates is estimated to be larger in periods of sharply rising and more volatile oil prices, compared to periods of low and stable oil prices.
These results entail some potentially important implications for maritime transport and trade, if oil prices resume the spiralling trend observed in 2007 and 2008 and sustain high and possibly unprecedented levels.
In view of the heavy reliance of maritime transport on oil for propulsion, further analytical work on the effect of energy prices on maritime freight rates is urgently required, especially as rising fuel costs may lead to proportionately higher maritime transport costs for developing countries.
In this context, energy security and investments in alternative, greener energy and technology for cost-efficient and sustainable maritime transportation conducive to trade and development are of the essence.
Download document
April 2010
Oil is the major energy source powering the global economy, supplying 95% of all the energy used in world transport.
Maritime transport, which carries over 80% of the volume of global merchandise trade, relies heavily on oil for propulsion, and in view of the limitations imposed by existing technology and costs, it is not yet in a position to adopt effective energy substitutes.
With oil becoming increasingly scarce and more costly to produce, and with prices having already risen to close to $150 per barrel (pb) in July 2008, the question of how changes in oil prices affect shipping costs is of considerable interest.
For the trade of many developing countries, excessive international transport costs already pose a considerable obstacle.
To help improve understanding of oil prices as a determinant of transport costs, UNCTAD conducted an empirical analysis of the relationship between oil prices and maritime freight rates. While the analysis focused on container transport, it also covered some dry and wet bulk trades, namely, iron ore and crude oil.
The findings of the analysis, presented in a technical report entitled Oil Prices and Maritime Freight Rates: An Empirical Investigation, confirm that rising oil prices drive up maritime freight rates in all three trades examined, with estimated elasticities varying, depending on the market segment and the specification.
For container trade, the effect of oil prices on container freight rates is estimated to be larger in periods of sharply rising and more volatile oil prices, compared to periods of low and stable oil prices.
These results entail some potentially important implications for maritime transport and trade, if oil prices resume the spiralling trend observed in 2007 and 2008 and sustain high and possibly unprecedented levels.
In view of the heavy reliance of maritime transport on oil for propulsion, further analytical work on the effect of energy prices on maritime freight rates is urgently required, especially as rising fuel costs may lead to proportionately higher maritime transport costs for developing countries.
In this context, energy security and investments in alternative, greener energy and technology for cost-efficient and sustainable maritime transportation conducive to trade and development are of the essence.
Download document
Wednesday, October 19, 2011
Estrategias para el desarrollo Portuario y Urbano de Buenos Aires
Ing. Jorge E. Abramian
Cámara Argentina de la Construcción
Octubre 2010
Desde hace algunos años existen opiniones encontradas sobre la capacidad del puerto para seguir respondiendo a la demanda de servicios y sobre la necesidad de relocalizar las actividades portuarias. Este informe brinda datos para permitir la evaluación de los conflictos generados en el uso de los espacios costeros y el tránsito, estima las necesidades futuras del comercio exterior, incluye consideraciones sobre la expansión del sistema portuario con la perspectiva del crecimiento de los movimientos de cargas en el Río de la Plata y analiza las posibilidades de compatibilización de usos en la franja costera. En suma, trata de responder a las siguientes preguntas: ¿Qué dimensión tienen los conflictos Puerto-Ciudad?¿es conveniente y/o posible la relocalización del Puerto Buenos Aires? ¿De qué manera y hasta qué punto se pueden compatibilizar las actividades portuarias con el desarrollo de la Ciudad?
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Cámara Argentina de la Construcción
Octubre 2010
Desde hace algunos años existen opiniones encontradas sobre la capacidad del puerto para seguir respondiendo a la demanda de servicios y sobre la necesidad de relocalizar las actividades portuarias. Este informe brinda datos para permitir la evaluación de los conflictos generados en el uso de los espacios costeros y el tránsito, estima las necesidades futuras del comercio exterior, incluye consideraciones sobre la expansión del sistema portuario con la perspectiva del crecimiento de los movimientos de cargas en el Río de la Plata y analiza las posibilidades de compatibilización de usos en la franja costera. En suma, trata de responder a las siguientes preguntas: ¿Qué dimensión tienen los conflictos Puerto-Ciudad?¿es conveniente y/o posible la relocalización del Puerto Buenos Aires? ¿De qué manera y hasta qué punto se pueden compatibilizar las actividades portuarias con el desarrollo de la Ciudad?
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Tuesday, August 9, 2011
Developing Tajikistan's transport sector
Asian Development Bank
February 2011
As a small landlocked country, Tajikistan depends on external trade for its development, and its export-driven businesses in agriculture and industry require transport that is fast, reliable, and cheap. Tajikistan must increase its connectivity to world markets. The country partnership strategy for 2010–2014 aims to develop transport infrastructure, build human capacity, and achieve good governance. Tajikistan is active in the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Program, which aims to develop seamless connectivity in the region. Tajikistan has also developed a national transport sector master plan with Asian Development Bank (ADB) assistance. The plan is supportive of CAREC’s Transport and Trade Facilitation Strategy (2008–2018) and Tajikistan’s national development program. ADB will provide financial and technical assistance to support its implementation.
Contents
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February 2011
As a small landlocked country, Tajikistan depends on external trade for its development, and its export-driven businesses in agriculture and industry require transport that is fast, reliable, and cheap. Tajikistan must increase its connectivity to world markets. The country partnership strategy for 2010–2014 aims to develop transport infrastructure, build human capacity, and achieve good governance. Tajikistan is active in the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Program, which aims to develop seamless connectivity in the region. Tajikistan has also developed a national transport sector master plan with Asian Development Bank (ADB) assistance. The plan is supportive of CAREC’s Transport and Trade Facilitation Strategy (2008–2018) and Tajikistan’s national development program. ADB will provide financial and technical assistance to support its implementation.
Contents
- Preface
- Transport Sector Profile
- Challenges
- Opportunities
- Strategic Direction
- Development Action Plan
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Wednesday, July 20, 2011
Logistics in lagging regions
Charles Kunaka
World Bank
December 2010
Small scale producers in developing countries lack easy access to efficient logistics services. They are faced with long distances from both domestic and international markets. Unless they consolidate their trade volumes they face high costs which diminish their ability to trade. However, the process of consolidation is not without cost nor does it occur on its own accord. As a result, the consolidation is typically handled by intermediaries.
Using case studies of sisal and soybean supply chains in Brazil and India respectively, this study explores the role and impact of intermediaries in facilitating trade in lagging regions. The study assesses the horizontal relationships between the small scale producers in thin markets and the vertical connections between different tiers of the same supply chain. The study analyzes the traditional approach to linking producers namely through cooperatives and itinerant traders and the relatively newer innovations using ICT.
The study finds that farmers linked through the different mechanisms are more integrated to international supply chains or are able to better manage supply chains longer than would otherwise be the case. Intermediaries play several roles including providing transport services and facilitating market exchanges, payments, risk sharing and quality improvements. Generally, information technology driven innovations make it easier to integrate adjacent steps in the value chain.
This report on logistics performance at the sub-national level is an on-going endeavour. Similar analysis is being carried out in some countries in Africa to identify the evolving role of intermediaries in low income regions. The results will be developed into a major publication on this topic, with recommendations on how development agencies, civil society and the private sector can improve the design of strategies to reduce logistics costs in low income areas.
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URL
World Bank
December 2010
Small scale producers in developing countries lack easy access to efficient logistics services. They are faced with long distances from both domestic and international markets. Unless they consolidate their trade volumes they face high costs which diminish their ability to trade. However, the process of consolidation is not without cost nor does it occur on its own accord. As a result, the consolidation is typically handled by intermediaries.
Using case studies of sisal and soybean supply chains in Brazil and India respectively, this study explores the role and impact of intermediaries in facilitating trade in lagging regions. The study assesses the horizontal relationships between the small scale producers in thin markets and the vertical connections between different tiers of the same supply chain. The study analyzes the traditional approach to linking producers namely through cooperatives and itinerant traders and the relatively newer innovations using ICT.
The study finds that farmers linked through the different mechanisms are more integrated to international supply chains or are able to better manage supply chains longer than would otherwise be the case. Intermediaries play several roles including providing transport services and facilitating market exchanges, payments, risk sharing and quality improvements. Generally, information technology driven innovations make it easier to integrate adjacent steps in the value chain.
This report on logistics performance at the sub-national level is an on-going endeavour. Similar analysis is being carried out in some countries in Africa to identify the evolving role of intermediaries in low income regions. The results will be developed into a major publication on this topic, with recommendations on how development agencies, civil society and the private sector can improve the design of strategies to reduce logistics costs in low income areas.
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URL
Friday, July 15, 2011
El alza del precio del petróleo y su impacto en los fletes marítimos de productos exportados por Chile en contenedores
Sebastián Faúndez, Nanno Mulder, Gabriel Pérez Salas y Ricardo J. Sánchez
CEPAL
Serie Recursos Naturales e Infraestructura
Nº 151
Abril de 2011
El presente estudio analiza el impacto del alza del petróleo en el costo del flete de los principales productos exportados por Chile por vía marítima y que van en contenedores. Para ello, propone un modelo econométrico capaz de aislar la incidencia del precio del petróleo sobre los costos de transporte marítimo de contenedores, con el cual se analiza la información son los documentos únicos de salida (DUS) para el período 2001-2008. Durante 2007 y la primera mitad de 2008, que fue la antesala de la crisis económica mundial y donde se observó un brusco incremento del valor del precio del petróleo.
El modelo propuesto toma en cuenta la acción de la oferta y la demanda en la determinación del flete de contenedores en servicios regulares. Además corrige problemas de especificación observados en algunos modelos de la literatura tradicional, al rescatar los efectos fijos y constantes no medibles para una ruta/producto y considerar debidamente las economías de red al realizar un análisis costa a costa entre orígenes y destinos del comercio y no puerto a puerto, como es lo usual. El documento demuestra para el período analizado, que si bien el aumento de precio en el petróleo repercutió en los fletes pagados por las exportaciones chilenas, su participación fue menor a lo esperado, entorno al 30%. Lo que indica que hay otros factores que incidieron más fuertemente en la determinación de los fletes.
Los autores proponen un conjunto de acciones en el ámbito público para aliviar los efectos de los cambios en los fletes, entre los que destacan reformas en la políticas de provisión de infraestructura, los regímenes regulatorios del transporte, el fomento de la logística, la construcción de capacidades, la reducción de las asimetrías de información, la facilitación del comercio trans-fronterizo y el desarrollo de infraestructuras multimodales, entre otros aspectos.
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CEPAL
Serie Recursos Naturales e Infraestructura
Nº 151
Abril de 2011
El presente estudio analiza el impacto del alza del petróleo en el costo del flete de los principales productos exportados por Chile por vía marítima y que van en contenedores. Para ello, propone un modelo econométrico capaz de aislar la incidencia del precio del petróleo sobre los costos de transporte marítimo de contenedores, con el cual se analiza la información son los documentos únicos de salida (DUS) para el período 2001-2008. Durante 2007 y la primera mitad de 2008, que fue la antesala de la crisis económica mundial y donde se observó un brusco incremento del valor del precio del petróleo.
El modelo propuesto toma en cuenta la acción de la oferta y la demanda en la determinación del flete de contenedores en servicios regulares. Además corrige problemas de especificación observados en algunos modelos de la literatura tradicional, al rescatar los efectos fijos y constantes no medibles para una ruta/producto y considerar debidamente las economías de red al realizar un análisis costa a costa entre orígenes y destinos del comercio y no puerto a puerto, como es lo usual. El documento demuestra para el período analizado, que si bien el aumento de precio en el petróleo repercutió en los fletes pagados por las exportaciones chilenas, su participación fue menor a lo esperado, entorno al 30%. Lo que indica que hay otros factores que incidieron más fuertemente en la determinación de los fletes.
Los autores proponen un conjunto de acciones en el ámbito público para aliviar los efectos de los cambios en los fletes, entre los que destacan reformas en la políticas de provisión de infraestructura, los regímenes regulatorios del transporte, el fomento de la logística, la construcción de capacidades, la reducción de las asimetrías de información, la facilitación del comercio trans-fronterizo y el desarrollo de infraestructuras multimodales, entre otros aspectos.
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Aspectos determinantes del estado de la facilitación del transporte en América Latina: Los casos de Colombia y el Perú (Comunidad Andina de Naciones)
Marelia Martínez Rivas
CEPAL
Studies and perspectives series, Washington - 8
Diciembre 2010
Pese a que el debate sobre la facilitación del comercio y del transporte ha sido bastante amplio, se ha centrado en el ámbito de comercio exterior y, sobre todo, en la simplificación de los trámites aduaneros. No obstante, la situación que afrontan los agentes de comercio internacional respecto del transporte en los tramos domésticos se ha tratado de manera muy tangencial y por lo general focalizada en la problemática fronteriza.
Sobre la base de una revisión conceptual y del estado en que se encuentran los aspectos que comprende el término “facilitación del transporte”, en el presente documento se explora la relación entre el impulso que le han dado algunos gobiernos y el consiguiente crecimiento de las exportaciones no tradicionales, así como los retos que afrontan los pequeños y medianos productores para ser competitivos internacionalmente cuando carecen de escala suficiente como para generar las soluciones logísticas pertinentes. Se analizan en detalle los esfuerzos realizados por varios países de la región andina —en particular Colombia y el Perú— para solventar estas restricciones, abordando el tema de la facilitación desde un punto de vista distinto al de la infraestructura: el de los demandantes de servicios de transporte y logística y de quienes ofrecen dichos servicios, esto es, la perspectiva de la demanda en comparación con la tradicional de la oferta.
En el estudio se concluye que si bien todavía existen brechas en materia de infraestructura, hay señales de que el problema está siendo atendido y se resolverá gradualmente. De ahí que en la actualidad los retos principales sean crear un sistema troncal de movimiento de carga que incluya redes y nodos logísticos y promover la calidad y diversificación de la oferta de servicios conexos de valor agregado mediante el fortalecimiento de los operadores de transporte, todo ello incorporando las nuevas tecnologías de la información y de las comunicaciones (TIC) del caso y adaptando la participación privada a las nuevas modalidades de funcionamiento que exige el sistema.
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CEPAL
Studies and perspectives series, Washington - 8
Diciembre 2010
Pese a que el debate sobre la facilitación del comercio y del transporte ha sido bastante amplio, se ha centrado en el ámbito de comercio exterior y, sobre todo, en la simplificación de los trámites aduaneros. No obstante, la situación que afrontan los agentes de comercio internacional respecto del transporte en los tramos domésticos se ha tratado de manera muy tangencial y por lo general focalizada en la problemática fronteriza.
Sobre la base de una revisión conceptual y del estado en que se encuentran los aspectos que comprende el término “facilitación del transporte”, en el presente documento se explora la relación entre el impulso que le han dado algunos gobiernos y el consiguiente crecimiento de las exportaciones no tradicionales, así como los retos que afrontan los pequeños y medianos productores para ser competitivos internacionalmente cuando carecen de escala suficiente como para generar las soluciones logísticas pertinentes. Se analizan en detalle los esfuerzos realizados por varios países de la región andina —en particular Colombia y el Perú— para solventar estas restricciones, abordando el tema de la facilitación desde un punto de vista distinto al de la infraestructura: el de los demandantes de servicios de transporte y logística y de quienes ofrecen dichos servicios, esto es, la perspectiva de la demanda en comparación con la tradicional de la oferta.
En el estudio se concluye que si bien todavía existen brechas en materia de infraestructura, hay señales de que el problema está siendo atendido y se resolverá gradualmente. De ahí que en la actualidad los retos principales sean crear un sistema troncal de movimiento de carga que incluya redes y nodos logísticos y promover la calidad y diversificación de la oferta de servicios conexos de valor agregado mediante el fortalecimiento de los operadores de transporte, todo ello incorporando las nuevas tecnologías de la información y de las comunicaciones (TIC) del caso y adaptando la participación privada a las nuevas modalidades de funcionamiento que exige el sistema.
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Monday, June 27, 2011
Transport costs and specialization
Chapter 6 of the World Development Report 2009 - Reshaping Economic Geography
World Bank
2008
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World Bank
2008
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Wednesday, June 8, 2011
To What Extent Are High-Quality Logistics Services Trade Facilitating?
OECD
March 2011
Trade logistics facilitate trade. Quality logistics services play an important role in facilitating the transportation of international trade in goods: inefficient logistics services impede trade by imposing an extra cost in terms of time as well as money. As developed nations shift from traditional manufacturing and agriculture and are increasingly engaging in international vertical specialization, the need for efficient logistics services becomes ever more important. High quality logistics services improve the competitiveness of a country’s exports by reducing the cost involved in transporting goods – especially for countries that are disadvantaged by being far from major markets. This paper investigates the role that trade logistics play in the volume and value of international trade and the extent to which poor quality logistics constitute a barrier to trade. It examines the different impact of logistics quality on goods that are transported by sea and by air. The differentiated impact of trade logistics such as infrastructure on low, middle and higher-income countries is analysed.
URL
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March 2011
Trade logistics facilitate trade. Quality logistics services play an important role in facilitating the transportation of international trade in goods: inefficient logistics services impede trade by imposing an extra cost in terms of time as well as money. As developed nations shift from traditional manufacturing and agriculture and are increasingly engaging in international vertical specialization, the need for efficient logistics services becomes ever more important. High quality logistics services improve the competitiveness of a country’s exports by reducing the cost involved in transporting goods – especially for countries that are disadvantaged by being far from major markets. This paper investigates the role that trade logistics play in the volume and value of international trade and the extent to which poor quality logistics constitute a barrier to trade. It examines the different impact of logistics quality on goods that are transported by sea and by air. The differentiated impact of trade logistics such as infrastructure on low, middle and higher-income countries is analysed.
URL
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Wednesday, May 11, 2011
Uruguay - Comercio y logística: Una oportunidad
Banco Mundial
Abril 2010
En respuesta a la petición del Gobierno, este estudio evalúa las posibilidades de Uruguay de convertirse en un centro de logística y distribución regional. Se analiza la competitividad del sistema logístico de Uruguay desde una perspectiva internacional y se ofrecen recomendaciones sobre políticas para seguir mejorando la eficiencia. El estudio se centra en las políticas relacionadas con la mejora de la facilitación del comercio nacional y regional y evalúa el impacto económico más amplio de dichas reformas sobre los costos de la logística y el comercio.
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En inglés: Uruguay Trade and Logistics: An opportunity
Abril 2010
Imagen del documento
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En inglés: Uruguay Trade and Logistics: An opportunity
Análisis y mejoramiento de la competitividad en el transporte internacional de carga
Ministerio de Transportes y Comunicaciones - Subsecretaría de Transporte
2009
El objetivo general del estudio es proponer medidas que tiendan directamente a mejorar la competitividad de los servicios de transporte internacional terrestre de carga, efectuado por operadores nacionales, considerando la identificación e implementación de incentivos, correcciones al modelo de costo de las empresas y la incorporación de mejoras operacionales a sus servicios.
Se señala además que estas propuestas deberán tener por finalidad la compensación de las asimetrías analizadas en el estudio “Análisis del Transporte Internacional” y el análisis y propuestas de estrategias competitivas a modo de generar condiciones apropiadas para que los servicios de transporte internacional terrestre efectuados por operadores nacionales, recuperen una participación relevante en el mercado.
Resumen ejecutivo
Informe Final
2009
El objetivo general del estudio es proponer medidas que tiendan directamente a mejorar la competitividad de los servicios de transporte internacional terrestre de carga, efectuado por operadores nacionales, considerando la identificación e implementación de incentivos, correcciones al modelo de costo de las empresas y la incorporación de mejoras operacionales a sus servicios.
Se señala además que estas propuestas deberán tener por finalidad la compensación de las asimetrías analizadas en el estudio “Análisis del Transporte Internacional” y el análisis y propuestas de estrategias competitivas a modo de generar condiciones apropiadas para que los servicios de transporte internacional terrestre efectuados por operadores nacionales, recuperen una participación relevante en el mercado.
Resumen ejecutivo
Informe Final
Tuesday, May 10, 2011
Impact of transport and logistics on Nicaragua's trade competitiveness
CARANA Corporation
USAID
January 2004
This preliminary report is part of a research effort conducted under the Trade Enhancement Service Sector (TESS) project, under contract for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in Washington, DC. (Contract No. PCE-I-07-97-00014).
The TESS Project is intended to encourage and support enhancement of the trade and service sectors to promote economic development and country competitiveness. Specifically, the project provides technical support in advancing the understanding of constraints and competition in services sectors, such as transportation, and in developing and disseminating best practices for liberalization and enhancing systematic efficiency. More information can be found at CARANA
The Nicaragua case study is the first of four case studies to be conducted throughout the course of the project. It was completed by Santiago Sedaca, Team Leader; Nimish Jhaveri, International Logistics Management Consultant; and Karen Adair, International Transport and Customs Consultant. Amanda Fonseca, a local research economist, and the Nicaragua-based transportation consulting firm, CONSULMAR, provided support.
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USAID
January 2004
This preliminary report is part of a research effort conducted under the Trade Enhancement Service Sector (TESS) project, under contract for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in Washington, DC. (Contract No. PCE-I-07-97-00014).
The TESS Project is intended to encourage and support enhancement of the trade and service sectors to promote economic development and country competitiveness. Specifically, the project provides technical support in advancing the understanding of constraints and competition in services sectors, such as transportation, and in developing and disseminating best practices for liberalization and enhancing systematic efficiency. More information can be found at CARANA
The Nicaragua case study is the first of four case studies to be conducted throughout the course of the project. It was completed by Santiago Sedaca, Team Leader; Nimish Jhaveri, International Logistics Management Consultant; and Karen Adair, International Transport and Customs Consultant. Amanda Fonseca, a local research economist, and the Nicaragua-based transportation consulting firm, CONSULMAR, provided support.
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Border management modernization
Editors: Gerard McLinden, Enrique Fanta, David Widdowson and Tom Doyle
World Bank
2011
This book provides border management policymakers and reformers with a broad survey of key developments in and principles for improving trade facilitation through better border management, including practical advice on particular issues. In contrast to the traditional border management reform agenda, with its focus on improving customs operations, this book addresses both customs reform and areas well beyond customs-a significant broadening of scope. The book thus presents a new, more comprehensive approach to trade facilitation through border management reform: an approach that embraces a much wider, 'whole of government' perspective.
The objective of this book is to summarize and provide guidance on what constitutes good practices in border management looking beyond customs clearance. The contributions to the volume make clear that there are no simple or universally applicable solutions. Instead, the aim is to provide a range of general guidelines that can be used to better understand the complex border management environment and the interdependencies and interrelationships that collectively need to be addressed to secure meaningful change and improvement.
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World Bank
2011
This book provides border management policymakers and reformers with a broad survey of key developments in and principles for improving trade facilitation through better border management, including practical advice on particular issues. In contrast to the traditional border management reform agenda, with its focus on improving customs operations, this book addresses both customs reform and areas well beyond customs-a significant broadening of scope. The book thus presents a new, more comprehensive approach to trade facilitation through border management reform: an approach that embraces a much wider, 'whole of government' perspective.
The objective of this book is to summarize and provide guidance on what constitutes good practices in border management looking beyond customs clearance. The contributions to the volume make clear that there are no simple or universally applicable solutions. Instead, the aim is to provide a range of general guidelines that can be used to better understand the complex border management environment and the interdependencies and interrelationships that collectively need to be addressed to secure meaningful change and improvement.
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The Cost of Being Landlocked
Arvis, Jean Francois; Marteau, Jean-Francois; Raballand, Gael
World Bank
July 2010
This book proposes a new analytical framework to interpret and model the constraints faced by logistics chains in landlocked countries. The case of LLDCs has naturally received special attention for decades, including a specific set of development priorities based on the idea of dependence over the transit state. In this context, efforts to tackle the cost of being landlocked have been mainly directed to ensure or facilitate freedom of transit through regional/multilateral conventions, and to develop regional transport infrastructure. In contrast, analysis of service delivery constraints has been seriously neglected and could explain the disappointing implementation of regional transit agreements and massive investments in corridors for exports diversification in landlocked economies.
Based on extensive data collection in several regions of the world, this book argues that although landlocked developing countries do face high logistics costs, these do not result from poor road infrastructure –contrary to conventional wisdom-since transport prices mainly depend on trucking market structure and organization. In turn, high logistics costs depend on low logistics reliability and predictability, which are sensitive to rent-seeking and governance issues.
This volume proposes three types of measures with the largest potential gains in total logistics costs: (i) measures to increase supply chain predictability and to reduce hedging costs, (ii) measures to enhance best practices in governance, in order to phase out rent-seeking activities and therefore overhead logistics costs, (iii) reforms to increase efficiency in market structure.
Hence, in practical terms supply chain predictability and performance might be improved by pursuing the following initiatives: (i) enhancing initiation of transit at the gateway or port through a streamlined transit regime, preferably using IT and based on quality and risk assessment system; (ii) improving clearance at destination; (iii) boosting market competition, by dismantling anticompetitive practices and upgrading entry requirements based on compliance and quality standards; (iv) re-engineering of transit regimes.
Libro:
En Ingenta Connect
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Paper anterior:
World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4258
Junio 2007
World Bank
July 2010
This book proposes a new analytical framework to interpret and model the constraints faced by logistics chains in landlocked countries. The case of LLDCs has naturally received special attention for decades, including a specific set of development priorities based on the idea of dependence over the transit state. In this context, efforts to tackle the cost of being landlocked have been mainly directed to ensure or facilitate freedom of transit through regional/multilateral conventions, and to develop regional transport infrastructure. In contrast, analysis of service delivery constraints has been seriously neglected and could explain the disappointing implementation of regional transit agreements and massive investments in corridors for exports diversification in landlocked economies.
Based on extensive data collection in several regions of the world, this book argues that although landlocked developing countries do face high logistics costs, these do not result from poor road infrastructure –contrary to conventional wisdom-since transport prices mainly depend on trucking market structure and organization. In turn, high logistics costs depend on low logistics reliability and predictability, which are sensitive to rent-seeking and governance issues.
This volume proposes three types of measures with the largest potential gains in total logistics costs: (i) measures to increase supply chain predictability and to reduce hedging costs, (ii) measures to enhance best practices in governance, in order to phase out rent-seeking activities and therefore overhead logistics costs, (iii) reforms to increase efficiency in market structure.
Hence, in practical terms supply chain predictability and performance might be improved by pursuing the following initiatives: (i) enhancing initiation of transit at the gateway or port through a streamlined transit regime, preferably using IT and based on quality and risk assessment system; (ii) improving clearance at destination; (iii) boosting market competition, by dismantling anticompetitive practices and upgrading entry requirements based on compliance and quality standards; (iv) re-engineering of transit regimes.
Libro:
En Ingenta Connect
Bajar PDF de World Bank e-library
Paper anterior:
World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4258
Junio 2007
Índice del transporte terrestre de cargas y propuestas de reducción de sobrecostos del comercio internacional del Paraguay
CARANA Corporation
CNCSP
USAID
Marzo de 2007
En el estudio Impacto del Transporte y la logística en el Comercio Internacional del Paraguay, elaborado para la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID), por Carana Corporation. durante el año 2006 en colaboración con la Cámara Nacional de Comercio y Servicios de Paraguay (CNCSP), se identificó el impacto de diferentes sobrecostos existentes que impactan negativamente en el Comercio Exterior del Paraguay por la aplicación de prácticas burocráticas desactualizadas e innecesarias.
Como una continuación de los estudios realizados, el presente trabajo, sintetiza los resultados de esta segunda fase del estudio del Impacto del Transporte y la Logística en el Comercio Internacional del Paraguay. El presente componente tiene como objeto profundizar los resultados ya obtenidos, complementar los análisis y herramientas respectivas, capacitar a la contraparte para su autosuficiencia en el manejo de estas herramientas y proponer medidas de cambio, que posibiliten el logro de un mejoramiento en la eficiencia del transporte y la logística en el inmediato plazo.
En base a lo arriba indicado, se está procediendo a fortalecer la capacidad de la Cámara Nacional de Comercio y Servicios del Paraguay, a través del Foro de Transporte y Logística, para que el esfuerzo que se ha hecho sea sustentable y no esté estrictamente vinculado a la asistencia de organismos de cooperación. Este fortalecimiento, se ha basado en desarrollar una labor integrada de una mayoría de técnicos locales con los especialistas internacionales.
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CNCSP
USAID
Marzo de 2007
En el estudio Impacto del Transporte y la logística en el Comercio Internacional del Paraguay, elaborado para la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID), por Carana Corporation. durante el año 2006 en colaboración con la Cámara Nacional de Comercio y Servicios de Paraguay (CNCSP), se identificó el impacto de diferentes sobrecostos existentes que impactan negativamente en el Comercio Exterior del Paraguay por la aplicación de prácticas burocráticas desactualizadas e innecesarias.
Como una continuación de los estudios realizados, el presente trabajo, sintetiza los resultados de esta segunda fase del estudio del Impacto del Transporte y la Logística en el Comercio Internacional del Paraguay. El presente componente tiene como objeto profundizar los resultados ya obtenidos, complementar los análisis y herramientas respectivas, capacitar a la contraparte para su autosuficiencia en el manejo de estas herramientas y proponer medidas de cambio, que posibiliten el logro de un mejoramiento en la eficiencia del transporte y la logística en el inmediato plazo.
En base a lo arriba indicado, se está procediendo a fortalecer la capacidad de la Cámara Nacional de Comercio y Servicios del Paraguay, a través del Foro de Transporte y Logística, para que el esfuerzo que se ha hecho sea sustentable y no esté estrictamente vinculado a la asistencia de organismos de cooperación. Este fortalecimiento, se ha basado en desarrollar una labor integrada de una mayoría de técnicos locales con los especialistas internacionales.
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Monday, May 9, 2011
Trade Logistics and Regional Integration in Latin America and the Caribbean
Pablo Guerrero
Krista Lucenti
Sebastian Galarza
Asian Development Bank Institute
Working paper 233
August 2010
During the past few decades, the landscape of the world economy has changed. New trade patterns reflect the globalization of the supply chain and intra-industry trade, and increasing flows between neighboring countries and trading blocs with similar factor endowments. Similarly, the approach to production, trade, and transportation has evolved incorporating freight logistics as an important value-added service in global production. This integrated approach have become essential, and as such, both the trade agenda and freight logistics are beginning to converge providing an unparalleled opportunity for countries to deepen their integration with neighboring countries and their national performance in transport related services. Consequently, developing countries are finding themselves hard-pressed to adjust their policy agendas to take into account costs not covered in past rounds of trade negotiations.
This paper focuses on the importance of freight logistics in trade facilitation measures, examines the transport and logistics cost in international trade, addresses logistics performance in Latin America and the Caribbean and regional initiatives to advance the integration process and finally, exchanges views on the potential for trade logistics to impact the regional agenda and to deepen integration.
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Krista Lucenti
Sebastian Galarza
Asian Development Bank Institute
Working paper 233
August 2010
During the past few decades, the landscape of the world economy has changed. New trade patterns reflect the globalization of the supply chain and intra-industry trade, and increasing flows between neighboring countries and trading blocs with similar factor endowments. Similarly, the approach to production, trade, and transportation has evolved incorporating freight logistics as an important value-added service in global production. This integrated approach have become essential, and as such, both the trade agenda and freight logistics are beginning to converge providing an unparalleled opportunity for countries to deepen their integration with neighboring countries and their national performance in transport related services. Consequently, developing countries are finding themselves hard-pressed to adjust their policy agendas to take into account costs not covered in past rounds of trade negotiations.
This paper focuses on the importance of freight logistics in trade facilitation measures, examines the transport and logistics cost in international trade, addresses logistics performance in Latin America and the Caribbean and regional initiatives to advance the integration process and finally, exchanges views on the potential for trade logistics to impact the regional agenda and to deepen integration.
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Thursday, May 5, 2011
Export Performance and Trade Facilitation Reform: Hard and Soft Infrastructure
World Bank
Alberto Portugal-Perez
John S. Wilson
Policy Research Working Paper 5261
The authors estimate the impact of aggregate indicators of “soft” and “hard” infrastructure on the export performance of developing countries. They build four new indicators for 101 countries over the period 2004-07. Estimates show that trade facilitation reforms do improve the export performance of developing countries. This is particularly true with investment in physical
infrastructure and regulatory reform to improve the business environment. Moreover, the findings provide evidence that the marginal effect of infrastructure improvement on exports appears to be decreasing in per capita income. In contrast, the impact of information and communications technology on exports appears increasingly important for richer countries. Drawing on estimates, the authors compute illustrative exports growth for developing countries and ad-valorem equivalents of improving each indicator halfway to the level of the top performer in the region. As an example, improving the quality of physical infrastructure so that Egypt’s indicator
increases half-way to the level of Tunisia would increase exports by 10.8 percent. This is equivalent to a 7.4 percent cut in tariffs faced by Egyptian exporters across importing markets.
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Alberto Portugal-Perez
John S. Wilson
Policy Research Working Paper 5261
The authors estimate the impact of aggregate indicators of “soft” and “hard” infrastructure on the export performance of developing countries. They build four new indicators for 101 countries over the period 2004-07. Estimates show that trade facilitation reforms do improve the export performance of developing countries. This is particularly true with investment in physical
infrastructure and regulatory reform to improve the business environment. Moreover, the findings provide evidence that the marginal effect of infrastructure improvement on exports appears to be decreasing in per capita income. In contrast, the impact of information and communications technology on exports appears increasingly important for richer countries. Drawing on estimates, the authors compute illustrative exports growth for developing countries and ad-valorem equivalents of improving each indicator halfway to the level of the top performer in the region. As an example, improving the quality of physical infrastructure so that Egypt’s indicator
increases half-way to the level of Tunisia would increase exports by 10.8 percent. This is equivalent to a 7.4 percent cut in tariffs faced by Egyptian exporters across importing markets.
Acceder al documento
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