Importancia de reducción de uso del auto

ITDP
Marzo 2012

El Instituto de Políticas para el Transporte y el Desarrollo México ha realizado un diagnóstico de las tendencias de utilización del automóvil, sus causas y efectos en México y en sus áreas metropolitanas.


Bajar resumen ejecutivo (en inglés)

Bajar documento

Transformando la movilidad urbana en México

ITDP
Marzo 2012

Las políticas de transporte pueden tener un impacto significativo en el desarrollo económico del país y por ende en la calidad de vida de los mexicanos. El transporte es crítico para las actividades económicas (transporte de bienes y mercancías, transporte al trabajo, transporte de turistas, compras, entre otros), por lo que sistemas de transporte eficientes impulsan el desarrollo económico y social de México. De igual modo, si son eficientes, reducen las exter- nalidades o costos negativos generados a la sociedad por el automóvil, como: pérdidas económicas por congestión, costos de salud, accidentes y daños ambientales, entre otros.

Bajar documento

Traffic congestion: Road pricing can Help reduce congestion, but equity concerns may grow

GAO
January 2012

Why GAO Did This Study
Many Americans spend frustrating hours each year stuck in traffic. While estimates vary, the Department of Transportation (DOT) estimates that traffic congestion costs the United States $200 billion each year, and that more than one-quarter of total annual travel time in metropolitan areas occurs in congested conditions. Road pricing or congestion pricing—assessing tolls that vary with the level of congestion or time of day—aims to motivate drivers to share rides, use transit, travel at less congested times, or pay to use tolled lanes. Since the first U.S. congestion pricing project opened in 1995, 19 project sponsors have 41 pricing projects in operation or under construction. About 400 miles of priced highway lanes including nearly 150 miles on the New Jersey Turnpike are in operation today with current tolls varying from 25 cents to $14.

All U.S. projects in operation are either High Occupancy Toll (HOT) lanes, which charge solo drivers to use newly constructed lanes or carpool lanes, or peak-period pricing projects, which charge a lower toll on already tolled roads, bridges and tunnels during offpeak periods. GAO examined (1) the federal role in supporting congestion pricing, (2) results of U.S. congestion pricing projects, and (3) emerging issues in congestion pricing. Eight project sponsors have current and completed evaluations on at least 1 project, for a total of 14 evaluated projects, all of which GAO reviewed. GAO interviewed officials about the performance of their pricing projects and effects. DOT provided technical comments, which GAO incorporated as appropriate.

Bajar documento
Highlights

Implementing Congestion Charges

OECD
April 2010

Recent advances in the scientific understanding of urban traffic congestion have only strengthened the already solid case for congestion charges as an element of a successful urban transport policy. But examples of real-world congestion charging systems remain few and far between. What can be done to improve the chances of their more widespread adoption in practice? This report draws lessons from attempts to introduce congestion charges.

Technology is not an obstacle, and technologies should serve policy purposes instead of define them. Charging systems are not cheap and thus should only be used where congestion is severe. Public acceptance is seen to be the key to successful implementation. Although environmental benefits and careful deployment of toll revenues may improve acceptance, a charging system should never lose sight of its principal aim, which is to reduce congestion.

Bajar documento

Reducing congestion and funding transportation using road pricing in Europe and Singapore

Federal Highway Administration International Programs
December 2010

Congestion pricing use has been limited in the United States because of political, institutional, and public acceptance concerns. The Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and National Cooperative Highway Research Program sponsored a scanning study of Europe and Singapore to identify ideas and models for integrating road pricing approaches into U.S. practices.

The scan team found that countries with clearly defined and well-understood policy goals were able to achieve targeted outcomes most effectively. The team also learned that a large-scale demonstration project is a good tool to build public acceptance of road pricing.

Team recommendations for U.S. implementation include enhanced outreach and communication on road pricing use and research on public perception issues and implementation barriers. The team also recommended development of a road pricing toolkit to provide transportation professionals with a comprehensive decision analysis tool to assess the merits of road pricing options.

Bajar documento

Executive summary

World Transport, Policy & Practice Vol 17

Eco-logica
Volume 17
May-June 2011

Vol 17.1

• Editorial - John Whitelegg
• Interventions to Reduce Car Use in Towns and Cities
• Call for Evidence: House of Lords Science and Technology Select Committee - Eric Britton
• Too True To Be Good? A response to Morton and Mees (2010)- Ian Ker
• Road Traffic Congestion Management and Parking Infrastructural Planning in Metropolitan Lagos: The Linkage - Joshua A. Odeleye, PhD

Vol 17.2

• Editorial - John Whitelegg
• Street Conflict, Power and Promise: Livable Streets: Humanising the Auto-Mobility Paradigm
• A New Foreword for the Second Edition of Livable Streets - Bruce S. Appleyard, PhD

• Driven To Excess: Impacts of Motor Vehicles on the Quality of Life of Residents of Three Streets in Bristol UK - Joshua Hart and Prof. Graham Parkhurst
• ‘Peak Car Use’: Understanding the Demise of Automobile Dependence - Peter Newman and Jeff Kenworthy

Anuario de la movilidad 2008

RACC
2009

Contenido:

A BLOQUE ANALÍTICO
La incorporación de las consideraciones medioambientales en el análisis coste-beneficio de inversiones de transporte
Ginés de Rus

Buenos deseos y dosis de realidad Actitudes y comportamientos de los españoles ante la movilidad y el medio ambiente
Víctor Pérez Díaz y Juan Carlos Rodríguez

Salud y Movilidad Urbana
Ángel Aparicio

Movilidad sostenible: una cuestión de lugar y género
Andrés Monzón, Cristina Valdés y Geng Xue

La congestión en las vías de acceso a las ciudades de Barcelona y Madrid
Miguel Ángel Moll y Miquel Nadal

Accesibilidad al empleo y transporte en áreas urbanas
Anna Matas y José Luis Roig

La inversión del sector público central en infraestructuras de transporte
Marta Espasa

La eficacia de las políticas contra la siniestralidad vial: El caso de la regulación del límite de alcohol en sangre
Daniel Albalate

La dinámica de vuelos intercontinentales directos desde aeropuertos europeos
Germà Bel y Xavier Fageda

B INDICADORES HISTÓRICOS

Bajar documento

Lima: megaciudad y megaproblemas

Rafael García
Quehacer
174
Abr-Jun 2009

Foto: © Caretas

Con casi ocho millones de habitantes, una larga historia y un territorio conurbado de enormes dimensiones, Lima avanza a ser catalogada pronto como una megaciudad. Para muchos analistas ya lo es de alguna manera. Ciertamente, cualquier repertorio de relatos quedará corto para mostrar las dificultades históricas y políticas que hemos acumulado y sobre las que aún estamos construyendo la ansiada gobernabilidad de nuestra metrópoli.

Desde las implicancias de nuestro entorno físico y la crudeza del desierto sobre el que construimos la ciudad, hasta la importancia crucial de “los ecosistemas de soporte” que hacen posible los balances que nos permiten continuar construyendo ciudad. Desde la compleja dinámica entre población y territorio y la importancia de la transición demográfica que nos podría llevar a convertirnos en una ciudad inviable, hasta el enfoque de ciudad como sistema económico y como tejido de relaciones socio-productivas no siempre equilibradas.

Acceder al documento

Economic valuation of development projects: a case study of a non-motorized transport project in India

Hua Wang; Ke Fang; Yuyan Shi
World Bank
September 2010

One of the major difficulties in doing cost-benefit analysis of a development project is to estimate the total economic value of project benefits, which are usually multi-dimensional and include goods and services that are not traded in the market. Challenges also arise in aggregating the values of different benefits, which may not be mutually exclusive. This paper uses a contingent valuation approach to estimate the economic value of a non-motorized transport project in Pune, India, across beneficiaries. The heads of households which are potentially affected by the project are presented with a detailed description of the project, and then are asked to vote on whether such a project should be undertaken given different specifications of costs to the households. The total value of the project is then derived from the survey answers. Econometric analysis indicates that the survey responses provide generally reasonable valuation estimates.

Bajar documento

The Future of Urban Transport

Department of transport
November 2009

The Cabinet Office Strategy Unit, DfT and a number of other Government Departments have worked together in recent months to consider how transport can best support the success of our urban areas. The analysis, which is being published alongside this paper, has important implications for decision makers at all levels of government. This paper both provides a summary of the conclusions set out in more detail in the analysis and builds on it to offer a vision for the future of urban transport.

Firstly the paper highlights why our cities and large towns are so important and why effective transport systems are essential to making them successful. It considers how these transport systems affect different areas – economy, health and urban environment - both negatively and positively and proposes solutions which can produce positive outcomes to all of them: triple win outcomes.

The paper then puts forward a vision of urban transport that envisages enhanced mobility through a wider choice of journey, reduced congestion, better health and enjoyable urban spaces. The steps already taken towards this vision are recognised: for example the flexible legislative and policy framework available to local authorities.

Bajar el documento

The Future of Urban Transport

A smarter transportation system for the 21st century

Frost & Sullivan

A Frost & Sullivan White Paper

2010

Globalization, for better or worse, is a dominant feature of our world. As barriers between continents, countries and cities have diminished, and a surging population has urbanized, economic growth and prosperity have become inextricably linked to accessibility; accessibility to markets, to production materials, to services, to food and to culture, which are all preconditions for human survival. The increasing density of urban living, however, can slow the movement of people as well as goods; therefore, accessibility is dependent on an efficient and intricate global network of air, rail, road, and water links between and within our population centers of cities and megacities.

This paper finds that our aging transportation system is threatening to restrain globalization as current systems are struggling to meet the needs of this highly urbanized planet in which the business of moving goods and people from one place to another typically generates toxic byproducts and lost productivity. Ground-breaking innovations in transportation technology are difficult for the current system to accommodate, and the system itself has yet to evolve to meet the changed set of fundamental needs and demands placed on it. Whereas the system has not yet completely gridlocked, we clearly need something that is smarter, more efficient, and better than what we have now.

We think the answer is a new ecosystem that marries information technology to the global air, rail, road, and water transportation networks.

Bajar el PDF

International Journal of Sustainable Transportation - Most cited articles 2007-2009

International Journal of Sustainable Transportation has a 2009 Impact Factor of .750!
Now you can read the most-cited articles from 2007-2009 for free:

D. A. Hensher, Some Insights into the Key Influences on Trip-Chaining Activity and Public Transport Use of Seniors and the Elderly
Volume 1, Issue 1, pp. 53-68.

B.P.Y. Loo, A.S.Y. Chow, Changing Urban Form in Hong Kong: What Are the Challenges on Sustainable Transportation?
Volume 2, Issue 3, pp. 177-193.

R. Cervero, O.L. Sarmiento, E. Jacoby, et al., Influences of Built Environments on Walking and Cycling: Lessons from Bogota
Volume 3, Issue 4, pp. 203-226.

M.G.H. Bell, Mixed Routing Strategies for Hazardous Materials: Decision-Making Under Complete Uncertainty
Volume 1, Issue 2, pp. 133-142.

E.T. Verhoef, H. Mohring, Self-Financing Roads Volume 3, Issue 5-6, pp.293-311.

J. Zacharias, The Nonmotorized Core of Tianjin Volume 1, Issue 4, pp. 231-248.

E. E. Boschmann, M. P. Kwan, Toward Socially Sustainable Urban Transportation: Progress and Potentials
Volume 2, Issue 3, pp. 138-157.

X.L. Guo, H. Yang, Analysis of a Build-Operate-Transfer Scheme for Road Franchising
Volume 3, Issue 5-6, pp. 312-338.

S. Brathen, J. Odeck, Road Funding in Norway: Experiences and Perspectives
Volume 3, Issue 5-6, pp. 373-388.

M. C. Coelho, T.L. Farias, N.M. Rouphail, A Numerical Tool for Estimating Pollutant Emissions and Vehicles Performance in Traffic Interruptions on Urban Corridors
Volume 3, Issue 4, pp. 246-262.

Bajar la lista de enlaces

International scan: Reducing Congestion and Funding Transportation Using Road Pricing

Federal Highway Administration International Programs
2010

Summary

The purpose of the International Scan was to identify new ideas and practical, workable models for integrating road pricing approaches into state, local, and regional policies, programs, and practices. The findings are intended to inform the U.S. road pricing research agenda and identify best practices from international experience that will assist U.S. practitioners.

The scan team visited with representatives from Sweden, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Germany, the Czech Republic, and the Netherlands in December 2009. The team was composed of representatives from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Federal Transit Administration (FTA); the Georgia, Minnesota, Virginia, and Washington State Departments of Transportation; the Port Authority of New Jersey and New York; and SRF Consulting Group, Inc. A list of scan team members is presented on the back cover.

Download the document

Access site

LIPASTO – Traffic Emission Database

NORDIC

LIPASTO is a free website showing total traffic emissions and their trends in Finland for all transport modes. In addition, unit emissions for hundreds of vehicle types expressed in grams per passenger- or tonne-kilometres are shown. The website is the only one of its kind.

Access the article

Access the database

Impacts of policy instruments to reduce congestion and emissions from urban transportation: the case of Sao Paulo, Brazil

Anas, Alex; Timilsina, Govinda R.
Policy Research Working Paper Nº 5099
World Bank
October 2009

This study examines impacts on net social benefits or economic welfare of alternative policy instruments for reducing traffic congestion and atmospheric emissions in São Paulo, Brazil. The study shows that expanding road networks, subsidizing public transit, and improving automobile fuel economy may not be as effective as suggested by economic theories because these policies could cause significant rebound effects. Although pricing instruments such as congestion tolls and fuel taxes would certainly reduce congestion and emissions, the optimal level of these instruments would steeply increase the monetary cost of travel per trip and are therefore politically difficult to implement. However, a noticeable finding is that even smaller tolls, which are more likely to be politically acceptable, have substantial benefits in terms of reducing congestion and emissions. Among the various policy instruments examined in the study, the most socially preferable policy option for São Paulo would be to introduce a mix of congestion toll and fuel taxes on automobiles and use the revenues to improve public transit systems.

website

Access the paper

Efforts to Address Highway Congestion through Real-Time Traffic Information Systems Are Expanding but Face Implementation Challenges

Government Accountability Office - GAO

November 2009

Growing congestion on our nation’s roads results in wasted time and fuel, which adversely affects the economy and the environment. State and local government agencies and private companies disseminate real-time traffic information to help travelers decide whether to use alternative, less congested routes. Legislation enacted in 2005 required the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) to establish the Real-Time System Management Information Program, in order to provide states the capability to monitor traffic and travel conditions on major highways and share that information. As requested, this GAO report addresses, among other things, (1) how the public and private sectors disseminate real-time traffic information to the public, (2) actions DOT has taken to establish the Real-Time System Management Information Program, and (3) experts’ views on the need for a nationwide real-time traffic information system and its potential characteristics.

To conduct this study, GAO visited sites in California and Florida, which have well-developed traffic information systems; reviewed and analyzed DOT reports and data; and interviewed transportation officials, experts, and other stakeholders. GAO is not making any recommendations at this time because DOT has not finalized the proposed rule it issued in January 2009, and there was no consensus from the experts GAO interviewed as to whether an increased federal role in this area is appropriate or what this role might be.

Access the document

Travel time variability Definition and valuation

Institut for Transport - Denmark
August 2008

Increasing traffic leads to increasing severity, spatial extension and duration
of congestion. Congestion has two immediate consequences. One is that travel times increase on average. Another is that travel times become increasingly variable and unpredictable. When performing economic appraisal of transport policies it is important to account for both. This is fast becoming widely acknowledged in many countries around the world. The subject is, however, quite difficult for several reasons and so far there is no established consensus on how to define and value travel time variability. This report was commissioned by the Danish Ministry of Transport and its agencies Vejdirektoratet (the Road Directorate) and Trafikstyrelsen (the Rail Agency). Its purpose is to establish a definition of travel time variability and its value that is theoretically sound, possible to estimate from individual preferences, and applicable with existing or realistically foreseeable traffic models. In addition, the report provides short term recommendations for including valuation of travel time variability in Danish practice for economic appraisal of transport projects and outlines a future Danish study of the valuation of travel time variability.

Acceder al documento

McGraw-Hill’s Handbook of Transportation Engineering - Chapter 22. TRAFFIC CONGESTION

The University of Texas at Austin
2004



Congestion is everywhere. It arises in human activities of all kinds, and its consequences are usually negative. Peak demands for goods and services often exceed the rate at which that demand can be met, creating delay. That delay can take the form of supermarket check-out lines, long waits for a table at a popular restaurant, and after-work crowds at the gym. Yet the context in which we most often hear of congestion posing a serious problem, to ourselves and to our economy, is the movement of people and goods. The average American reports traveling 78 minutes a day, over 80 percent of which is by automobile.1 (NHTS 2001) The Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) estimates that over 45 percent of peak-period travel or roughly one-third of total vehicle miles traveled occur under congested conditions in many U.S. metropolitan areas. (Shrank and Lomax 2002) These include the predictable places like Los Angeles, Washington DC, and Atlanta; they also include places like San Diego (California), Tacoma (Washington) and Charlotte (North Carolina). Though crime, education, taxes, and the economy certainly are key issues for voters and legislators, polls regularly report congestion to be the number one local issue.

Acceder al documento

Antídotos para la congestión y la inseguridad en el tránsito

Blog de Juan Carlos: Información sobre el Área de Transporte y temas afines
25 de junio de 2009

El 25 de junio de 2009 se realizó en la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú un evento titulado: Antídotos para la congestión y la inseguridad en el tránsito. Luego de la exposición por parte de Jorge Christiansen de Proexpansión, se recibieron los comentarios de un panel multidisciplinario integrado por:

Pablo Vega Centeno (Sociólogo)
Reynaldo Ledgard (Arquitecto)
José Távara (Ing. Industrial y Economista)
Fernando Jiménez (Ing. Mecánico)

Este evento fue organizado por:

El Área de Transporte del Departamento de Ingeniería
El Departamento Académico de Humanidades
El Centro de Investigación de la Arquitectura y la Ciudad
Clima de Cambios

Acceder a la presentación

Critical Issues in Transportation: 2009 Update

Transportation Research Board
June 2009



TRB’s Executive Committee periodically identifies a set of critical issues in transportation to focus attention on their likely impact on the nation’s economy and quality of life. The discussion of the critical issues identified in this document is intended to facilitate debate and to encourage research leading to their resolution.

Previous editions of Critical Issues in Transportation have highlighted many of the issues that threaten the performance of the nation’s transportation system. In recent years, the Executive Committee has added the need to respond to terrorism and natural disasters, highlighting how transportation has become ever more linked to broader issues in society and in the economy.

The 2009 Critical Issues update elevates the importance of energy and environmental issues to reflect the prominence that these topics have gained in national debates about energy security and climate change. Greater emphasis also is given to the issues of the condition and financing of infrastructure, to help policy makers prepare for the reauthorization of federal surface transportation programs that expire in 2009.

The urgency of addressing the critical issues has never been greater. The Executive Committee hopes that readers of this list will become aware of and concerned about these issues, and will join in addressing the problems in transportation so that society and the economy can reap the many benefits.

To order free copies of Critical Issues in Transportation, please contact Russell Houston, TRB's Senior Communications Officer, at rhouston@nas.edu or 202-334-3252. In your correspondence, please include the number of copies of the publication you need, the audience you are going to be sharing them with, and your full mailing address.

Acceder al documento