Desarrollo urbano y movilidad en América Latina

CAF
Enero 2012

Esta publicación resume la evolución de la movilidad y el desarrollo urbano para 15 áreas metropolitanas de América Latina que forman parte del Observatorio de Movilidad Urbana (OMU) de CAF. Para esto, un grupo de expertos describen su historia y las condiciones actuales de la movilidad en sus territorios con datos del OMU. De esta forma, el documento permite un análisis integrado, con comparaciones entre los procesos ocurridos en la región.

El libro ha sido estructurado en capítulos por cada área metropolitana, que describen sucintamente la historia del desarrollo urbano y de su sistema de transporte e incorporan datos de las condiciones actuales de la movilidad. Un capítulo adicional compara las condiciones de movilidad actuales de las 15 ciudades y resume los datos completos del reporte oficial del OMU (CAF, 2010).

Por último, se presentan las conclusiones obtenidas del análisis efectuado sobre las ciudades presentadas. El libro constituye un aporte para el análisis que debería realizarse, en el menor plazo posible, de la situación de la urbanización en América Latina para estructurar políticas públicas y comportamientos que contribuyan al desarrollo y a la sostenibilidad de las áreas urbanas de la región y su movilidad.

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Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from U.S. Transportation

David L. Greene and Howard H. Baker, Jr. - Center for Public Policy
Steven E. Plotkin - Argonne National Laboratory
PEW
January 2011

Transportation is vital to our economy and quality of life. But it is also the primary cause of U.S. oil dependency, and is responsible for more than a quarter of U.S. emissions of the greenhouse gases that are warming our planet. This report examines whether we can substantially reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from U.S. transportation. Report authors David Greene and Steve Plotkin provide three plausible scenarios of technology, policy, and public attitudes that result in cost-effective GHG reductions throughout the transportation sector. The High Mitigation Scenario shows we can reduce GHG emissions from transportation by as much as 65 percent below today’s levels by 2050. In order to do so, we need action on three fronts: targeted public policies, technological progress, and commitment from Americans as consumers and citizens.

Video

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Urban transport and energy efficiency

(Susanne Böhler-Baedeker and Hanna Hüging)
Module 5h - Sustainable Transport: A sourcebook for policy-makers in developing countries
SUTP
January 2012

Considering the challenges of limited oil resources, increasing energy prices, climate change, environmental pollution and health risks, it is essential to establish an efficient transport system that meets demand, but consumes as little energy as possible. The SUTP Sourcebook Module 5h titled "Urban Transport and Energy Efficiency" serves as a navigator for decision makers and stakeholders, including local and national authorities, the private sector and non-governmental organisations. It provides a comprehensive overview of measures and policies designed to promote greater energy efficiency in transport, and assigns specific tasks and responsibilities to particular parties. Case studies illustrate international experiences in implementing measures to increase energy efficiency in transport.
Foto: Wuppertal Institute

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Adapting road procurement to climate conditions

Iimi, Atsushi; Benamghar, Radia
World Bank
Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 6029
April 2012

The world's climate is changing. It is well recognized that technical standards and project specifications of public infrastructure have to be adjusted, depending on the climate. However, it is less recognized that the public infrastructure procurement also needs to be adjusted. This paper examines a particular case of rural road procurement in Nepal. Severe weather conditions, such as heavy rains and storms, are likely to interrupt civil works and wash away unpaved or gravel roads. It is found that heavy precipitation causes delays, but not cost overruns. The paper also shows that budgetary efficiency and credibility could be improved by taking climate conditions into account. If future precipitation were anticipated by backward-looking expectations, many large project delays could be avoided. If the autoregressive precipitation model were used, the vast majority of the observed delays could be eliminated.

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The impact of demand on cargo dwell time in ports in SSA

Beuran, Monica; Mahihenni, Mohamed Hadi; Raballand, Gael ; Refas, Salim;
World Bank
Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 6014
Marzo 2012

Long cargo dwell times in ports are a critical issue in Sub-Saharan African countries since they result in slow import processes and are bound to dramatically reduce trade. The main objective of this study is to analyze long dwell times' causes in ports in Sub-Saharan Africa from a shipper's perspective. The findings point to the crucial importance of private sector practices and incentives. The authors argue in the case of Sub-Saharan African countries that private operators, rather than being advocates of reforms in this area, might be responsible for the failures of many of these initiatives. It seems that in Sub-Saharan Africa importers' and freight forwarders' professionalism, cash constraints and operators' strategies are some of the factors that have a major impact on cargo dwell time. Low competency, cash constraints and low storage tariffs explain why most importers have little incentive to reduce cargo dwell time since in most cases, this would increase their input costs. However, monopolists/cartels may have a stronger incentive to reduce cargo dwell time but only in order to maximize their profit (and would not adjust prices downward).

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EIB Transport Lending Policy

European Investment Bank
December 2011

The EIB adopted a revised transport lending policy on 13 December 2011. The revised transport lending policy sets the guiding principles and selection criteria that will reinforce the Bank's contribution to this sector, in particular taking into account climate change concerns.

The transport lending policy was revised following a formal public consultation that was launched in 2010.

The new transport lending policy fully takes into account the European Commission White Paper for transport "Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area –Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system” that was adopted on 28 March 2011.

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Strategy 2030: Maritime trade and transport logistics

Hamburg Institute of International Economics
Berenberg Bank
2006

Maritime Trade and Transport Logistics
HWWI (Part A)
Perspectives for maritime trade – Cargo shipping and port economics
Berenberg Bank (Part B)
Perspectives of maritime trade and transport logistics – Strategies for companies and investors

Global economic development in the past decades has been characterized by a rapidly progressing intensification in world trade and international division of labor. In recent decades, as a result of the expansive development of international merchandise trade, cargo shipping has been one of the fastest growing economic sectors. The progressive global integration processes, the future reduction in trade barriers, and the expected increase in prosperity in numerous regions of the world will also call for a marked expansion in world trade and cargo shipping. This designates maritime logistics as an economic sector with favorable perspectives for development. The present study – using as a starting point a forecast of the development of world trade up to the year 2030 – deals with development trends in cargo shipping and the related impact on ports in the European trade areas.

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Investment in Air Transport Infrastructure: Guidance for developing private participation

PPIAF
The World Bank

Mustafa Zakir Hussain, Editor
With case studies prepared by Booz Allen Hamilton

This paper discusses the development of appropriate private sector participation (PSP) to optimize the provision of air transport infrastructure (ATI). It is aimed primarily at government policy makers in low- and mid It is aimed primarily at government policy makers in low- and middle-income countries and their advisors. This paper answers a number of questions, including the following: When is it appropriate to allocate the responsibilities involved in ATI provision to private firms rather than continue to allocate them to governments and their agencies? If policy makers decide to vest certain responsibilities with private firms, what considerations are important during this allocation process? How is it best to achieve the transition, and what kinds of private firms should be involved?

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Airport Economics in Latin America and the Caribbean: Benchmarking, regulation and pricing

World Bank
Directions in development - Infrastructure
Tomás Serebrisky
January 2012

Traditionally, air transport infrastructure in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) was exclusively under government ownership and management. Starting in the late 1990s, several Latin American countries implemented innovative public-private partnerships (PPP) that transferred the financing and management of air transport sector infrastructure to the private sector. This book presents the findings of a first-ever, comprehensive study of how LAC region airports have evolved during this notable period of transition in airport ownership. It is an unbiased, positive analysis of what happened, rather than a normative analysis of what should be done to reform the airport sector or to attract private participation. It takes the first step in response to the need for more conclusive information about the influence of airport ownership on economic performance. The book is centered around the study of three dimensions of performance: productive efficiency, institutional set up for the governance of the sector, and financing of airport PPPs. Using rigorous analytical tools, this book answer a series of key questions to evaluate the introduction of private sector participation in the Latin American airport sector: Are LAC airports technically efficient? How has efficiency evolved in the last decade? Are privately-run airports more efficient than state-operated airports? How do independent regulators compare with government agencies in accountability, transparency, and autonomy? How has the level and structure of aeronautical tariffs changed in recent years? The main audience of this book are air transport practitioners, transport regulators, decisionmakers in transport ministries, and PPP units and academics.

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Principios de políticas de infraestructura, logística y movilidad basadas en la integralidad y la sostenibilidad

Georgina Cipoletta Tomassian
CEPAL
Serie Recursos Naturales e Infraestructura Nº 15541 pp.
Noviembre de 2011

El presente trabajo plantea que la falta de aprovechamiento del potencial para el desarrollo de la infraestructura y los servicios de transporte en América Latina radica no sólo en la baja de la inversión pública en el sector sino también en ciertas carencias en el uso de instrumentos y herramientas de planeamiento estratégico que agravan el diagnóstico: i) la ausencia de visiones integradas de las políticas de infraestructura, transporte, logística y movilidad; y ii) la falta de aplicación de criterios de sostenibilidad en el diseño y ejecución de las políticas, especialmente en los servicios de infraestructura de transporte.

Planteada la hipótesis del trabajo, el documento se centra en la argumentación de dicha problemática basada en la falta de integralidad y sostenibilidad en las políticas de infraestructura y sus servicios. Para ello, tras una breve descripción de los conceptos propuestos para el análisis y justificación de la importancia de los mismos; se efectúa un resumen del diagnóstico de América Latina en materia de integralidad y sostenibilidad en sentido amplio (aspectos económicos, sociales, institucionales y medioambientales), los que surgen de un vasto programa de investigación efectuado en el marco de la Cooperación CEPAL, Naciones Unidas-Puertos del Estado, Ministerio de Fomento del Gobierno de España, con el apoyo de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo. Las principales conclusiones indican que, por una parte, las políticas emprendidas en la región carecen de integralidad pues se plantean en un marco segmentado para el desarrollo de actividades que están interrelacionadas en su propia naturaleza, han carecido de una visión de largo plazo y no han contado con una institucionalidad apropiada que incluya marcos normativos regulatorios eficaces e instrumentos de fiscalización adecuados. Por otra parte, los países de la región presentan una ausencia de criterios de sostenibilidad en sus políticas, donde en la mayoría de los casos existen menciones sobre el tema dentro de las políticas y planes de transporte y sus servicios asociados de infraestructura; pero también se observa muy poco desarrollo e implementación efectiva.

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También:

Taller regional desarrollado en Santiago de Chile, en el marco del del Sistema Mesoamericano de Transporte Multimodal, del Proyecto de Integración y Desarrollo de Mesoamérica

Acceso a audios y presentaciones

Análisis de las relaciones intersectoriales y la eficiencia técnica del sector transporte en México

Victor Manuel Islas Rivera, Cesar Rivera Trujillo, Salvador Hernández García, Martha Lelis Zaragoza
Instituto Mexicano del Transporte
Publicación ténica No. 338

En el presente informe se presenta una primera revisión y análisis de la relación económica sectorial entre el sector transporte mexicano y los demás sectores de la economía. Así, con base en la información generada por parte del INEGI, se han determinado los principales sectores (oferentes y demandantes) con los que el sector transporte en México tiene eslabonamientos, tanto en su carácter de sector oferente de servicios (“eslabonamientos hacia delante”) como en su modalidad de demandante de bienes y servicios de otros sectores (“eslabonamientos hacia atrás”). También se ha realizado un análisis comparativo de la interrelación sectorial de 2003 con la información intersectorial que se observaba en 1980 en el transporte de México. Se exploran también las posibilidades de uso del análisis de la eficiencia técnica mediante el análisis de envolvente de datos (data envelopment analysis) propuesto por Charnes, Cooper y Rodes en 1978 (modelo DEA-CCR), para caracterizar el desempeño del sector transporte, tomando el criterio de la mejor marca o frontera de producción eficiente. Con esto se desea avanzar en la búsqueda de nuevas bases metodológicas para mejorar el análisis de la demanda agregada del sector transporte por medio de la información que proporciona la matriz insumo-producto

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Accessibility in passenger transport: policy and management

Research in Transportation Business & Management
Volume 2, Pages 1-100
November 2011

Accessibility Policy and Planning

Does Accessibility Planning address what matters? A review of current practice and practitioner perspectives Original Research Article
Pages 3-11
Angela Curl, John D. Nelson, Jillian Anable

The use and abuse of accessibility measures in UK passenger transport planning Original Research Article
Pages 12-19
Derek Halden

Implementing accessibility planning for disadvantaged areas and groups

Improving access to employment and training in former coalfields areas in the UK: The Access Alliance Programme Original Research Article
Pages 20-28
Norman James, Clare Waldron

Developing and applying interactive visual tools to enhance stakeholder engagement in accessibility planning for mobility disadvantaged groups Original Research Article
Pages 29-41
Peter Jones

Management of accessibility by mode and by spatial area

Learning to cycle again: Examining the benefits of providing tax-free loans to purchase new bicycles Original Research Article
Pages 42-47
Brian Caulfield, James Leahy

Public transport accessibility through co-modality: Are interconnectivity indicators good enough? Original Research Article
Pages 48-56
Claudia de Stasio, Davide Fiorello, Silvia Maffii

Business strategies and technology for access by transit in lower density environments Original Research Article
Pages 57-64
Roger F. Teal, A. Jeff Becker

The key factors for providing successful public transport in low-density areas in The Netherlands Original Research Article
Pages 65-73
Wouter de Jong, Janneke Vogels, Karolien van Wijk, Otto Cazemier

Market concentration in coastal shipping and limitations to island's accessibility Original Research Article
Pages 74-82
Maria B. Lekakou, Thomas K. Vitsounis

Economic evaluation of accessibiltiy improvements

Passengers' valuations of universal design measures in public transport Original Research Article
Pages 83-91
Nils Fearnley, Stefan Flügel, Farideh Ramjerdi

Evaluating accessibility enhancements to public transport including indirect as well as direct benefits Original Research Article
Pages 92-100
Xenia Karekla, Taku Fujiyama, Nick Tyler

View Journal

The european electronic toll service (EETS): Guide for the application of the directive on the interoperability of electronic road toll systems

Guide for the application of the directive on the interoperability of electronic road toll systems
European Commission
2011

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Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication

UNEP
November 2011

The Green Economy Report is compiled by UNEP’s Green Economy Initiative in collaboration with economists and experts worldwide. It demonstrates that the greening of economies is not generally a drag on growth but rather a new engine of growth; that it is a net generator of decent jobs, and that it is also a vital strategy for the elimination of persistent poverty. The report also seeks to motivate policy makers to create the enabling conditions for increased investments in a transition to a green economy.

Selected chapters from part II: Investing in energy and resource efficiency

Transport
This chapter examines the role of transport in a green economy. Drawing on the Avoid, Shift and Improve strategy, it highlights the challenges and opportunities of shifting to a greener transport system. It also examines the various options and conditions required to enable such a transition.

Contents:

• Challenges and opportunities in the transport sector
• Transport in a green economy
• Quantiying the economic implications of green transport
• Enabling conditions

Cities

The chapter makes a case for green cities. It describes the environmental, social and economic consequences of greening urban systems and infrastructure, and provides guidance to policy makers on how to make cities more environmentally friendly. It includes a summary of green practices and looks at the enabling conditions needed foster green cities.

Contents:

• Challenges and opportunities
• The case for greening cities
• Greening urban sectors
• Enabling green cities

Press release

Full doc (43 MB)

Also:

Synthesis for Policy Makers
[French, Portuguese, Spanish]

Market-based instruments for international aviation and shipping as a source of climate finance

Michael Keen, Ian Parry and Jon Strand
World Bank
Policy Research Working Paper 5950
January 2012

The international aviation and maritime sectors today enjoy relatively favorable tax treatment, as their fuels are not taxed and the sectors are not subject to any value-added tax or turnover tax. Nor are these fuel uses subject to any global measures to reduce their associated CO2 emissions, even though they represent at least 5 percent of the global greenhouse gas emissions. A carbon charge on fuels for international aviation and shipping equal to $25 per tonne of emitted CO2 could raise about $12 billion from aviation and about $26 billion from shipping by 2020. Market-based instruments ought to be used to raise such revenue, preferably charges based on the carbon contents of fuels. Such charges would also scale back emissions by at least 5-10 percent. Developing countries ought to be able to keep their own tax revenue, and additional compensation to them for the economic burdens of these carbon charges may be warranted. Such compensation would constitute at most 40 percent of the raised global revenue. Implementing these charges can be a challenge, especially for aviation, where a large number of bilateral air-service agreements would need to be rewritten.

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Transport, trade and climate change: Carbon footprints, fuel subsidies and market-based measures

Joachim Monkelbaan
International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development - BMZ
Working paper
November 2011

International transport, be it by ship, airplane, train or truck, is essential for international trade and to global economic development. However, transport is at the same time the fastest growing source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

The objective of this paper is to examine the viability and potential effects of different actions that Germany and the European Union (EU) can take to curb the growth of GHG emissions from the international transport sector. It analyzes different options that policy makers have available to reduce transport induced emissions. In doing so, this paper takes the impacts on trade, especially for developing countries, into account. The overarching question that is reverberates throughout this paper is: what are the advantages and disadvantages of different measures that Germany and the EU can take to limit emissions from trade-related transport?

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Plus: Annex I: Carbon footprint of some chilean exports

Greenhouse gas issues in the North American trucking industry

Philippe Barla
From the issue entitled "Special Issue: Transport, energy and greenhouse gases: perspectives on demand limitation"
Guest Editors: Charles Raux & Martin E.H. Lee-Gosselin
Energy Efficiency, Volume 3, Number 2

In this paper, we examine some the issues associated with reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the North American trucking industry. We review some basic descriptive statistics to apprehend the basic conditions in the three countries of North America and describe the North American trucking industry and the changes in its GHG performance. We also present some of the policies that have been either implemented or are being considered to reduce trucking GHG emissions. We then discuss some of the issues involved in choosing instruments to reduce trucking emissions. Specifically, we discuss the following instruments: incentives and standard to improve truck fuel efficiency, a tax on CO2, and tradable permits systems.

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Plan Quinquenal de Transporte Argentino 2012-2016

Secretaria de Transporte
2011

La Secretaría de Transporte del Ministerio de Planificación Federal, Inversión Pública y Servicios de la Nación presenta estas "Bases para un Plan Quinquenal del Transporte 2012-2016" a los Sectores del Trabajo, Empresarial, Profesional y Gubernamental, como documento Institucional para el análisis, debate y posterior síntesis.

Los invitamos a dejar en esta página sus comentarios y perspectivas para la construcción de un plan estratégico para el sector. Los aportes pueden ser tanto técnicos, como experiencias laborales y de la vida cotidiana".

También se pueden enviar contribuciones a PLANDETRANSPORTE@GMAIL.COM

Ir al plan

White paper on transport

Roadmap to a single european transport area — Towards a competitive and Resource-efficient transport system
European Comission
March 2011

This illustrated brochure comprises the text of the european commission’s White Paper ‘roadmap to a single european transport area — towards a competitive and resource-efficient transport system’ (com (2011) 144 final of 28 march 2011) and a foreword by vice-president Siim Kallas, commissioner for transport. 

The European Commission adopted a roadmap of 40 concrete initiatives for the next decade to build a competitive transport system that will increase mobility, remove major barriers in key areas and fuel growth and employment. At the same time, the proposals will dramatically reduce Europe's dependence on imported oil and cut carbon emissions in transport by 60% by 2050 .

By 2050, key goals will include:

• No more conventionally-fuelled cars in cities. 
• 40% use of sustainable low carbon fuels in aviation; at least 40% cut in shipping emissions. 
• A 50% shift of medium distance intercity passenger and freight journeys from road to rail and waterborne transport. 
• All of which will contribute to a 60% cut in transport emissions by the middle of the century.

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Versión en castellano

Versión en inglés

Watch the video on the White Paper, check out the 50 Facts and Figures on Transport

Ir al sitio web

Libro verde del transporte y cambio climático

Comisión de Transportes del Colegio de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos
Junio 2010

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